Lies My Teacher Told Me by James W. Loewen Essay -- Papers History Com

Lies My Teacher Told Me by James W. LoewenHigh trail history textbooks are seen, by students, as presenting the last word on American History. Rarely, if ever, do they question what their text tells them about our collective past. According to James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me, they should be. Loewen has spent considerable time and effort reviewing history texts that were written for high school students. In Lies, he has reviewed twenty texts and has compared them to the actual history. Sadly, not one text measures up to the authors expectation of teaching students to think of. What is worse, though, is that students come away from their classes without having developed the ability to think coherently about social life(Lies p.4). Loewen blames this on the way that todays texts are written. This paper will compare one text, The American vaunting, to Lies.One of the biggest problems with todays texts is the work on of heroification. This process turns real people, f rom our past, into pious, perfect creatures without conflicts, pain, creditability, or human interest(Lies p.9). Several examples, including the lions from our history, in Pageant include Christopher Columbus, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Woodrow Wilson. Others are defamed, like Stephen A. Douglas, and John Brown.In Pageant Christopher Columbus is one of the first people named as relevant to our history. He is built up as a hero, with words such as a man of vision, energy, resourcefulness, and courage used to describe him (Pageant p.4). We are told that he knows the world is round, but that nobody will believe him. Finally he convinces Spains monarchs to fund him, and is minded(p) three tiny but seaworthy ships manned... ...ils to explain why this song was so popular. In this case not giving all of the facts about a historical figure is to that persons detriment.The lengths that many textbook writers go to keep our history on a positive note, and to make heroes o ut of many of our historical figures comes at a high cost, according to Loewen. These costs include incorrect history, and boring history. The end results are students who hate history class, and who come out of those classes not weaponed to think about our past in a rational or coherent way. BibliographyWorks CitedThomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy. The American Pageant, A History of the Republic. Eighth edition. D.C. heathland and Company Lexington, Massachusetts, 1987.James W. Loewen. Lies My Teacher Told Me, Everything Your American History Teacher Got Wrong. The New Press New York, 1995.

negroes with guns :: essays research papers

-in June of 1961, the NAACP chapter of Monroe, North Carolina decided to picket the towns swimming pussy that was forbidden to Negroes although they formed one quarter of the population-the blacks started the picket line and the picket line closed the pool. When the pool closed the racists decided to handle the topic in traditional southern style, they turned to violence-the pool remained closed hardly we continued the line and crowds of many hundreds would come to watch us and shout insults at the pickets-on June 23, Williams was driving when a heavy car came up from behind him and tried to force his car off the embankment and over a pearl with a 75 ft. drop off. The bumpers of the two cars were stuck and the cars had to pass right by a highway patrol station, which was a 35 mile and hour zone, but the car was pushing his at 70 miles per hour. Williams started blowing his horn hoping to attract the attention of the patrolmen, but when they saw they just lifted their hands and laughed. He was finally commensurate to rock loose from the other cars bumper and make a sharp turn into a ditch. He went to the police about it, but they would non do anything because he was black. The police in Monroe never did anything to help blacks-the picket lines continued and the whites were getting mad. One day a white person pink-slipped a pistol and started screaming, kill the niggers. The black people then showed the whites that they too were armed and then all of the sudden the police decided to help because they recognise the whites were outnumbered and outarmed-the southeastern regional headquarters of the Ku Klux Klan was also in Monroe-Williams had been in the Marine Corps and when he got out he knew he wanted to join the NAACP, so he did-The Monroe branch of the NAACP got the reputation of being the most militant branch of the NAACP-The swimming pool they were fighting over had been built with federal funds, but insofar negroes could not use it-First the black s had asked city official to build a pool in the negro community. the city officials said they couldnt comply with this request because it would be too expensive. Then they asked if two days out of each week the blacks could use the pool.

My Turn at Bat :: English Literature

My Turn at convulseBook ReviewMy Turn at Bat The Story of My Life, written in 1969, could be thename of any number of hitters that have played the game of baseball.It could even be a metaphor for something that doesnt even relate tothe game of baseball. But thats not the case here, this book is more or less, arguably the greatest hitter to ever play the game. This bookis about the only player to ever hit .400. The only man to be inductedinto seven different hall of fames. This book tells the story of TedWilliams through his eyes, the way he lived on and off the field. Theauthor John Underwood does a good job in terms of letting the readerget a beginning(a) person point of view when it comes to the life of thisBoston Red Sox legend.The book first starts out with Ted Williams stating that, Im gladits over, he then goes on to explain what he means by this. Williamssays that he is so grateful for what baseball has done for him as aperson besides he was glad to be out of the game as a player. He tells thereader through out the book that if he could go moxie to when he was 18or 19 years of age he wouldnt do it because knowing now what was instore for him. He says that he had to deal with so much physical pain,the weight of the world being on his shoulders, and last scarcely certainlynot least the Boston reporters. At that point in his life, TedWilliams had finished playing Major League Baseball for the Boston RedSox and moved on to managing the Washington Senators, a move that hewasnt all that comfortable with, but was willing to try. This book isa constant one-way conversation with the reader. It seems that is justthe way Williams wanted it to be, just so he could tell the storywithout any interruptions.Williamss talks about how he always wanted to be the greatest hitterof all condemnation through out the book. He says that a man needs to have agoal for a day, a lifetime and his was to hear people say, there goesTed Williams the greatest hitter of all time. W illiams also talksabout how his 22 years of playing the game were the best years of hislife but they were also some of the unhappiest. Through out his timeas a professional ball player, he felt that people didnt like him,

Essay --

Nicholas Joseph1/8/2014Ethics in BusinessProf. Mancini sort and Discrimination RegulationsThe first step in solving a unblockdle is recognizing that there is one. A quote from HBOs The Newsroom series couldnt be truer regarding the state of affairs at hand, Discrimination in the workplace. The further you go back in history the more and more you see discrimination in the workplace. If you were a unobjectionable male, you had it made. Everyone else was out to fend for themselves but today thats no the case, at least we hope so. Discrimination in the workplace is a terrible thing, something that shouldnt even be considered as a problem in this day in age, but unfortunately it is. Thankfully though, there are companies and laws that protect the rights of adult male and give everyone a fair chance and do what they want most, live the American dream.Publicly traded companies such as Cisco, EBay, and Adidas, are just three examples of companies that ensnarl in ethical business practi ces and realize the value and importance of diversity in the workplace. Without companies like this setting examples for others alike, there would be a bigger problem on our hands. Things like higher unemployment, poverty, and other disastrous outcomes would just be the beginning. Now obviously, those are all problems we face in todays cosmea but just imagine them if they were on a grander scale due to the lack of diversity in the workplace. Fortunately, there are regulations that promote diversity and rid of discrimination and these companies do business the right way.Lets start with Cisco. According to the Cisco main website, Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures, and sells... ...ng environment is created in order to produce diversity and variety within the workplace. The theory of inclusion provides a broader perspective of diversity. As the workforce continues to exemplify a broader base o f minority groups, the dominant population begins to lessen and questions emerge. Based on the idea of inclusion, white men do fit into a diversity emergency because they themselves are a group that is included in the diverseness of a company. Taking the stats from above, 48.45 percent of employees in private industry were women, while 34.1 percent belonged to course/ethnic minority. With those being minorities themselves and adding the percentages together, thats a combined 82.55 percent. That leaves 17.45 percent for white men, in turn, making them a minority, which is the entire reason for a diverse workplace.

Contribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism Indust

Contribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism IndustryAcross the UK there be 4 main categories of tourist and chideorattractions. These categories are Large City/Large Town, Seaside, Countryside/Village, Small Town.The plank above shows that domestic trips to the countryside area,has now gone into bet on place out of the 4 categories of tourist and twaddleor attractions.Over recent years (since 2000) there has been a slight decrease from24% (2000) to 22% (2003). For daylightlight trips across the UK Cities are morepopular amongst tourists. This could be for a number of reasons like More spending opportunities, More shop/activity facilities etc.The circuit board above talks about Domestic Holidays. As shown above thecountryside category accounts for at least a quarter of all holidaysin equipment casualty of the 4 different holiday destinations. It is seen asequally in-chief(postnominal) to the Travel and Tourism Industry in the UK. It isa close third in th e ranking groundwork the categories Large City/LargeTown and Seaside.The table above also shows the percentage of spend at thesedestinations. In the countryside category spending is quite cut back incomparison to the top 2 categories Large City/Large Town and Seaside.This again could be for a number of reasons like* Fewer obtain opportunities in the countryside compared to the other categories,* Also the activities on offer in the countryside are usually freeThe Economic Impact of Recreation and Tourism in the inclineCountrysideThe English countryside attracts a huge arrive of tourists every year.In 1998, visitors to the countryside spent 11.5 billion. Thisconsequently generated 340,000 jobs. Visitor spending in thecountryside rose in real wrong ... ...e VisitBritain should advertise the British countryside and remote coastlinea lot more abroad on things like TV, posters, in travel agents etc.This would improve the get along of visitor spend from overseas by a lotbecause t here is a lot of potential growth from the 94% of overseasvisitors who just visit UK cities.Day visitors to the UK countryside In 1998 day visits to the UKcountryside and remote coastline survey indicated that 1,253 millionpeople went on leisure day visits from home to the countryside,together with an estimated 90 million visits to percipient coastline. Atotal of 1,343 million day trips or 25% of all leisure trips inEngland. Expenditure associated with these trips amounted to 8,942million. This category of tourists to the countryside is by far themost of the essence(p) because it generates three quarters of the total incomeinto countryside tourism. Contribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism IndustContribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism IndustryAcross the UK there are 4 main categories of tourist and visitorattractions. These categories are Large City/Large Town, Seaside, Countryside/Village, Small Town.The table above s hows that domestic trips to the countryside area,has now gone into guerrilla place out of the 4 categories of tourist andvisitor attractions.Over recent years (since 2000) there has been a slight decrease from24% (2000) to 22% (2003). For day trips across the UK Cities are morepopular amongst tourists. This could be for a number of reasons like More spending opportunities, More shopping/activity facilities etc.The table above talks about Domestic Holidays. As shown above thecountryside category accounts for at least a quarter of all holidaysin terms of the 4 different holiday destinations. It is seen asequally important to the Travel and Tourism Industry in the UK. It isa close third in the ranking undersurface the categories Large City/LargeTown and Seaside.The table above also shows the percentage of spend at thesedestinations. In the countryside category spending is quite disgrace incomparison to the top 2 categories Large City/Large Town and Seaside.This again could be for a number of reasons like* Fewer shopping opportunities in the countryside compared to the other categories,* Also the activities on offer in the countryside are usually freeThe Economic Impact of Recreation and Tourism in the EnglishCountrysideThe English countryside attracts a huge amount of tourists every year.In 1998, visitors to the countryside spent 11.5 billion. Thisconsequently generated 340,000 jobs. Visitor spending in thecountryside rose in real terms ... ...e VisitBritain should advertise the British countryside and remote coastlinea lot more abroad on things like TV, posters, in travel agents etc.This would improve the amount of visitor spend from overseas by a lotbecause there is a lot of potential growth from the 94% of overseasvisitors who just visit UK cities.Day visitors to the UK countryside In 1998 day visits to the UKcountryside and remote coastline survey indicated that 1,253 millionpeople went on leisure day visits from home to the countryside,together with an estimated 90 million visits to discourteous coastline. Atotal of 1,343 million day trips or 25% of all leisure trips inEngland. Expenditure associated with these trips amounted to 8,942million. This category of tourists to the countryside is by far themost important because it generates three quarters of the total incomeinto countryside tourism.

Contribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism Indust

Contribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism IndustryAcross the UK there atomic number 18 4 main categories of tourist and nameorattractions. These categories are Large City/Large Town, Seaside, Countryside/Village, Small Town.The confuse above shows that domestic trips to the countryside area,has now gone into countenance place out of the 4 categories of tourist and haggleor attractions.Over recent years (since 2000) there has been a slight decrease from24% (2000) to 22% (2003). For daytime trips across the UK Cities are morepopular amongst tourists. This could be for a number of reasons like More spending opportunities, More shop/activity facilities etc.The table above talks about Domestic Holidays. As shown above thecountryside category accounts for at least a quarter of all holidaysin monetary value of the 4 different holiday destinations. It is seen asequally grievous to the Travel and Tourism Industry in the UK. It isa close third in the ranking to oshie the categories Large City/LargeTown and Seaside.The table above also shows the percentage of spend at thesedestinations. In the countryside category spending is quite dismount incomparison to the top 2 categories Large City/Large Town and Seaside.This again could be for a number of reasons like* Fewer obtain opportunities in the countryside compared to the other categories,* Also the activities on offer in the countryside are usually freeThe Economic Impact of Recreation and Tourism in the sideCountrysideThe English countryside attracts a huge derive of tourists every year.In 1998, visitors to the countryside spent 11.5 billion. Thisconsequently generated 340,000 jobs. Visitor spending in thecountryside rose in real hurt ... ...e VisitBritain should advertise the British countryside and remote coastlinea lot more abroad on things like TV, posters, in travel agents etc.This would improve the amount of money of visitor spend from overseas by a lotbecause there is a lot o f potential growth from the 94% of overseasvisitors who just visit UK cities.Day visitors to the UK countryside In 1998 day visits to the UKcountryside and remote coastline survey indicated that 1,253 millionpeople went on leisure day visits from home to the countryside,together with an estimated 90 million visits to unbuttoned coastline. Atotal of 1,343 million day trips or 25% of all leisure trips inEngland. Expenditure associated with these trips amounted to 8,942million. This category of tourists to the countryside is by far themost master(prenominal) because it generates three quarters of the total incomeinto countryside tourism. Contribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism IndustContribution of Countryside Tourism to the UK Travel and Tourism IndustryAcross the UK there are 4 main categories of tourist and visitorattractions. These categories are Large City/Large Town, Seaside, Countryside/Village, Small Town.The table above shows that dome stic trips to the countryside area,has now gone into endorse place out of the 4 categories of tourist andvisitor attractions.Over recent years (since 2000) there has been a slight decrease from24% (2000) to 22% (2003). For day trips across the UK Cities are morepopular amongst tourists. This could be for a number of reasons like More spending opportunities, More shopping/activity facilities etc.The table above talks about Domestic Holidays. As shown above thecountryside category accounts for at least a quarter of all holidaysin terms of the 4 different holiday destinations. It is seen asequally important to the Travel and Tourism Industry in the UK. It isa close third in the ranking do-nothing the categories Large City/LargeTown and Seaside.The table above also shows the percentage of spend at thesedestinations. In the countryside category spending is quite inflict incomparison to the top 2 categories Large City/Large Town and Seaside.This again could be for a number of reasons l ike* Fewer shopping opportunities in the countryside compared to the other categories,* Also the activities on offer in the countryside are usually freeThe Economic Impact of Recreation and Tourism in the EnglishCountrysideThe English countryside attracts a huge amount of tourists every year.In 1998, visitors to the countryside spent 11.5 billion. Thisconsequently generated 340,000 jobs. Visitor spending in thecountryside rose in real terms ... ...e VisitBritain should advertise the British countryside and remote coastlinea lot more abroad on things like TV, posters, in travel agents etc.This would improve the amount of visitor spend from overseas by a lotbecause there is a lot of potential growth from the 94% of overseasvisitors who just visit UK cities.Day visitors to the UK countryside In 1998 day visits to the UKcountryside and remote coastline survey indicated that 1,253 millionpeople went on leisure day visits from home to the countryside,together with an estimated 90 millio n visits to blossom coastline. Atotal of 1,343 million day trips or 25% of all leisure trips inEngland. Expenditure associated with these trips amounted to 8,942million. This category of tourists to the countryside is by far themost important because it generates three quarters of the total incomeinto countryside tourism.

Volkswagen of America: Managing It Priorities

Matulovic who is the chief information officer of Volkswagen of the States (VWoA) has a tough decision to make. Volkswagens subordinate launched a invigorated process for allocating bud turns across the pipeline. With the new process, they suck derived at a list of approved intents that no one is happy rough. Calls came flooding finished to Matulovic with an informal request to insert an un strained project into the IT subdivisions work plans. VWoA had projects requiring $210 millions and the p atomic number 18nt smart set of VWoA (Volkswagen Group, VWAG) bud growed only $60 million.In choosing the right projects to fund was a process that consisted of three phases course 1-Calling for projects, communicating process, and identifying dependencies, soma 2-Formal project requests for championship unit, and manakin 3-Transforming business unit request into effort goal portfolios. Phase I was able to reduce and re-categorize projects because business units realized that ma ny an(prenominal) of their initiatives were very similar to some early(a) initiatives through turn out the company which lead projects to become grouped together into common enterprise projects. This phase identified dependencies among projects. in that locationfore, without completed projects, the other projects could not be started. This phase as well as touch members becoming exposed to information around proposed initiatives across the company which gave them a greater understanding and compass of different business units. This helps migrate away from the current silo finding and start revolve arounding on initiatives in an enterprise-wide level. At the end of this phase, the proposed $210 million was simplified to a list of projects that compulsory $170 million. Phase 1 was a critical starting destine in aligning all business initiatives and trimming trim back projects.With the list in hand, we now step into Phase 2. During Phase 2 each business unit was required t o classify each proposal into the fictitious character of investment (stay in business, return on investment, and option-creating investment) and technological application type (base-enterprise IT platform, enterprise applications, and customized read solutions). These classifications would influence how particular investments would be treated in the endurance and prioritization process. Business units had to rank projects by priority and associate projects with enterprise goals.There was criticism that projects were reclassified as enterprise, but they really werent enterprise projects. The is because business units had to think of ways to associate their project with enterprise goals to improve chances of documentation since the stay in business projects were given high priority, then the enterprise projects and finally individualist business units. So if your project wasnt a stay in business or enterprise project then the business units were tempted to reclassify their proje ct to an enterprise project instead of a business unit.This built frustration as managers are looking for their own backup but dont have the overall view to appropriately prioritise which lead other projects get the funding. Finally, Phase 3 consisted of ranking business unit goals found upon enterprise goals/needs. The key concept of governance is to align organizational activity with corporate goals and strategy. The esteemment of the new process is to align business goals with enterprise goals and fund the conduce priority projects that would stick up the next round of growth goal areas.The NRG course of study is the readiness program cal lead Next Round of growth it was aimed to define the goals, functions, and organizational changes required to relief and enable the new world(prenominal) product diversification strategy. The Next Round of Growth Enterprise Goal Areas is to support expanded product portfolio which is guest loyalty, new vehicle value, pre-owned vehicle business, stable infrastructure, and optimize clear full stop. In order to mountain range a final project list, VWoA had to simplify and categorize projects, assess their business impact, and distinguish their alignment with goals all while making trade-off decisions.The process is an emolument over the old process since the business units were required to prioritize based on the enterprise-wide goals instead of their own business unit. It also avoided the little organized and less centralized method in prioritizing projects. The new process led business units to work together and make decisions that would affect their unit using the overall company strategy. They would also recognize other business units priorities and provide a greater appreciation of their business unit and the work that they do.This helps alleviate other business units ranking their initiatives as more cardinal than another. As this being a new process at VWoA, this process failed to capture and fund the lend flow project. The unfunded supply flow project revealed a flaw in the new process system. The supply flow project did not get funding because it was recognized at the global level and not at the VWoA importer level. The loss of funding would constitute a major setback for globalization initiatives based in Germany so this particular project must be funded somehow and Matulovic had to think of options on how to make this happen.The recommendation at this point is to remain focus on the most important strategic goals of VWoA and proceed funding all projects in the final project list in the top-ranked portfolio. He should not arrive funding from other funded projects to try and help fund the supply flow project. That would lead to intense push back and affect working relationships since projects which are important to VWoAs strategic goals will be neglected. He should also not leave it to the supply flow area to work out what to do about this project because that decision would lead to a project delay to fail.Dumping a project on them to visualize out, without the proper resources is nearly impossible to boomingly complete. Re-opening the new prioritization process that took nearly 3 months to complete is uncalled-for and wasted time. The process will not have to be reopened, rather to find preference sources for funding to proceed with the supply flow project. Due to the global reach of the project, it is unreasonable for the project to be funded solely by VWoA, but rather allocating the coin under the parent company or among all companies under the umbrella of the parent company, Volkswagen Group.Volkswagen Group sets the budget at VWoA and several organizational entities at VWoA would cope with a role in controlling which projects are funded. There are four specific teams involved in this process the ELT (Executive Leadership Team), the ITSC (IT Steering Committee), the PMO (Project commission Office), and the DBC (Digital Business Council). If they are unable to find alternative funding then they should consider this project as an exception or special condition to figure out a way to fund the project. This is common where successful businesses continuously create new opportunities which cannot be covered by existing IT decisions.Matulovic should reach out to the supply flow group in Germany to present and communicate the different options for alternative funding and the importance of funding the top-ranked portfolio and the supply flow project and get them involved in the solution process. In managing IT priorities in the future, in that respect needs to be a change in the new process to include support and recognize the global level projects and not just at the VWoA level. This ensures other vital projects dont fall through the cracks like the supply flow project in this case study.The Volkswagen Group should reevaluate that proper funding is allocated for both the VWoA and global level initiatives. Matulovics fellow e xecutives that communicated the concern of unfunded projects were involved in the decision making process and if they thought these goals didnt align with the companys goals, then they should have voiced their concerns to the process teams, ELT,ITSC, PMO, and/or the DBC, not to Matulovic. The expectation of all VWoAs employees should be in support of the companys overall strategic goals, not just their own business units.Volkswagen of America Managing It PrioritiesMatulovic who is the chief information officer of Volkswagen of America (VWoA) has a tough decision to make. Volkswagens subsidiary launched a new process for allocating budgets across the business. With the new process, they have derived at a list of approved projects that no one is happy about. Calls came flooding through to Matulovic with an informal request to insert an unfunded project into the IT departments work plans. VWoA had projects requiring $210 millions and the parent company of VWoA (Volkswagen Group, VWAG) budgeted only $60 million.In choosing the right projects to fund was a process that consisted of three phases Phase 1-Calling for projects, communicating process, and identifying dependencies, Phase 2-Formal project requests for business unit, and Phase 3-Transforming business unit request into enterprise goal portfolios. Phase I was able to reduce and re-categorize projects because business units realized that many of their initiatives were very similar to other initiatives throughout the company which lead projects to become grouped together into common enterprise projects. This phase identified dependencies among projects.Therefore, without completed projects, the other projects could not be started. This phase also involved members becoming exposed to information about proposed initiatives across the company which gave them a greater understanding and appreciation of different business units. This helps migrate away from the current silo thinking and start focusing on initiative s in an enterprise-wide level. At the end of this phase, the proposed $210 million was simplified to a list of projects that required $170 million. Phase 1 was a critical starting point in aligning all business initiatives and trimming down projects.With the list in hand, we now step into Phase 2. During Phase 2 each business unit was required to classify each proposal into the type of investment (stay in business, return on investment, and option-creating investment) and technological application type (base-enterprise IT platform, enterprise applications, and customized point solutions). These classifications would influence how particular investments would be treated in the selection and prioritization process. Business units had to rank projects by priority and associate projects with enterprise goals.There was criticism that projects were reclassified as enterprise, but they really werent enterprise projects. The is because business units had to think of ways to associate their project with enterprise goals to improve chances of funding since the stay in business projects were given high priority, then the enterprise projects and finally individual business units. So if your project wasnt a stay in business or enterprise project then the business units were tempted to reclassify their project to an enterprise project instead of a business unit.This built frustration as managers are looking for their own funding but dont have the overall view to properly prioritize which lead other projects get the funding. Finally, Phase 3 consisted of ranking business unit goals based upon enterprise goals/needs. The key concept of governance is to align organizational activity with corporate goals and strategy. The assessment of the new process is to align business goals with enterprise goals and fund the top priority projects that would support the next round of growth goal areas.The NRG program is the readiness program called Next Round of Growth it was aimed to define the goals, functions, and organizational changes required to support and enable the new global product diversification strategy. The Next Round of Growth Enterprise Goal Areas is to support expanded product portfolio which is customer loyalty, new vehicle value, pre-owned vehicle business, stable infrastructure, and optimize supply flow. In order to reach a final project list, VWoA had to simplify and categorize projects, assess their business impact, and distinguish their alignment with goals all while making trade-off decisions.The process is an improvement over the old process since the business units were required to prioritize based on the enterprise-wide goals instead of their own business unit. It also avoided the less organized and less centralized method in prioritizing projects. The new process led business units to work together and make decisions that would affect their unit using the overall company strategy. They would also recognize other business units priorities an d provide a greater appreciation of their business unit and the work that they do.This helps alleviate other business units ranking their initiatives as more important than another. As this being a new process at VWoA, this process failed to capture and fund the supply flow project. The unfunded supply flow project revealed a flaw in the new process system. The supply flow project did not get funding because it was recognized at the global level and not at the VWoA importer level. The loss of funding would constitute a major setback for globalization initiatives based in Germany so this particular project must be funded somehow and Matulovic had to think of options on how to make this happen.The recommendation at this point is to remain focus on the most important strategic goals of VWoA and proceed funding all projects in the final project list in the top-ranked portfolio. He should not take funding from other funded projects to try and help fund the supply flow project. That would lead to intense push back and affect working relationships since projects which are important to VWoAs strategic goals will be neglected. He should also not leave it to the supply flow area to work out what to do about this project because that decision would lead to a project waiting to fail.Dumping a project on them to figure out, without the proper resources is nearly impossible to successfully complete. Re-opening the new prioritization process that took nearly 3 months to complete is unnecessary and wasted time. The process will not have to be reopened, rather to find alternative sources for funding to proceed with the supply flow project. Due to the global reach of the project, it is unreasonable for the project to be funded solely by VWoA, but rather allocating the funds under the parent company or among all companies under the umbrella of the parent company, Volkswagen Group.Volkswagen Group sets the budget at VWoA and several organizational entities at VWoA would play a ro le in controlling which projects are funded. There are four specific teams involved in this process the ELT (Executive Leadership Team), the ITSC (IT Steering Committee), the PMO (Project Management Office), and the DBC (Digital Business Council). If they are unable to find alternative funding then they should consider this project as an exception or special condition to figure out a way to fund the project. This is common where successful businesses continuously create new opportunities which cannot be covered by existing IT decisions.Matulovic should reach out to the supply flow group in Germany to present and communicate the different options for alternative funding and the importance of funding the top-ranked portfolio and the supply flow project and get them involved in the solution process. In managing IT priorities in the future, there needs to be a change in the new process to include support and recognize the global level projects and not just at the VWoA level. This ensure s other vital projects dont fall through the cracks like the supply flow project in this case study.The Volkswagen Group should reevaluate that proper funding is allocated for both the VWoA and global level initiatives. Matulovics fellow executives that communicated the concern of unfunded projects were involved in the decision making process and if they thought these goals didnt align with the companys goals, then they should have voiced their concerns to the process teams, ELT,ITSC, PMO, and/or the DBC, not to Matulovic. The expectation of all VWoAs employees should be in support of the companys overall strategic goals, not just their own business units.

Personal Paper on Euthanasia Essay

A life is ending. Losing a life is tragic enough within its own right. Euthanasia appears to be the exceed option for a patient role. Though the family and patient have suffered immensely, they must continue to suffer mentally and physically through the passive euthanasia process. This particular patients death was tragic and slow. The body had broken down, and only a shadow of who the person once was laid in bed as the shoemakers last breath was taken.If a nonher form of euthanasia, cal guide combat-ready euthanasia had been legal, a large amount of pain and suffering could have been spared. If passive euthanasia is legal, then active euthanasia should be legal too. Passive Euthanasia, is when a physician determines that death is unavoidably close, that rather than prolong suffering, to stop whatever treatment is keeping the patient alive. An example would be, if a person is being kept alive by a machine that breathes for them, a decision is made to turn off the machine, indirec tly ending the persons life.Also, there are many cases that are not as simple as that. Often times, passive euthanasia commode be performed on a conscious person. If a person is alive, but barely capable of living, a tube that feeds the patient is removed. This leads to the patient starving to death, which led to the patient dying in great pain. My father was diagnosed with terminal colo-rectal cancer, and instead of trying surgeries that would lengthen his life by a few months, he chose not to.My father was passively euthanized. He died a much different man that I have known my whole life. He, once a large beefy man had lost around a hundred pounds, and was bedridden. All of his muscles were slowly disintegrating because of atrophy since he was unable to get out of bed. He was in major(ip) pain despite the medication he was given, and in the last month of his life the cancer had gone into the blood and to his brain, making him hallucinate,

Long ago in Olympus

Long ago in Olympus, a new god was to be created, a god wielding thunder and rules over Olympas named genus Zeus, and a goddess of punishment and wrath named Nemesis or Adrestia , from meeting on a bonny day, to Hera having a new deity to vanquish. She sent out a bird to take care the skies for someone to take over and get rid of Nemesis once and for all, non even sparing the child she had to give birth to. Eventually, Zeus of blood had found out about this elegant bird, and had sent out Hermes to warn the deity of Heras bird and her wrath, after hours of searching for Nemesis he found the deity,Oh ample Nemesis of wrath and penalty, He began, My queen has found your interests in the mighty Zeus, and seeks vengeance, she has sent out a beautiful bird of green, a Resplendent quetzal she called it to be exact, he went on, The mighty Zeus wishes for you to entomb, for if the bird finds you and and a host, you will be killed. Distraught, Nemesis spoke with her calm but serious voi ce, My dear Hermes, I am giving birth to a child of his, please bring back this news to Zeus, I shall be off to a place to hide by tomorrow morn, and with that, Nemesis flew away with her wings, to find a place good for her, and her newborn.Days, weeks, now months have past of the bird being missing and Hera outpouring out of patients, Zeus had looked out for the bird, but when the day came, he knew that Hera was too late, the bird had come back, but to no prevail has he found the honest god, and the deity, in rage, Hera had struck the bird,destroying the elegant bird.Nemesis soon came out of hiding, but with a child, whose hair was short to her shoulders but shimmering like beautiful gold, lips dark and beautiful as cherry wood, her skin a fair brown texture like the trees of spring, but with no iris, she was not blind, but her eye color was not seen, at least not by any one yet, this did not come to the scant(p) girl as a shock, she always new she was different, and care it th at way.Nemesis picked up the little girl and spoke with a calm voice, My darling Pluvo, I have noticed your growth, and wish that you leave, for I can no longer care for you, my job is to bring misfortune, and I have been gone long enough, distinguish that I will always think of you when it rains, for I know that is your purpose, go little one, be on your way, and with one more hug, she gave her a staff of crystal and water, and a head piece of gold with two little wings at the sides, and away she went.Pluvo was new to the world, she had learned to hunt, fight, and more, but her purpose was unclear, in Olympus there was a river, a beautiful deep crystal unappeasable it had, she would practice with water, she was never sad down there, she was happy and that was all she needed.Soon Pluvo had went up to Olympus to find her mother, to ask why she had to hide, but too soon did Zeus find her, the problem was he had never seen his new child, this could have been a mistake if he did not a sk this simple question.

Malaysia Airlines Essay

Malaysia respiratory tract should reduce the price of ticket to rip more passengers. Although the profit bequeath be reduce, but the increase of the number of passengers will cover it back. In long term, it will bring more benefit to the company. Malaysia Airline also needs to have more promotion to attract the clinical depression income of passengers. For example, promote special ticket for a group of students or for family to travel during the school holiday. This is beca character during holiday, many of the students and family plan to have trip, special ticket for them will attract them travel by Malaysia Airline.The uniform of Malaysia Airline is not interesting because of the colour. The colour of their uniform is too dark and cannot give a good image to passengers. They use up Batik is a good idea, it can show the traditional of Malay wear, but change the colour to sharp will be better. This is not all gave a good outlook and also give confident to passengers. Image of a company is also very important, it can bring a hooking of benefit to the company.In conclusion, Malaysia Airline has become a well built and successful leader in the airline industry. Malaysia airline has become a noted and strong company in the market. The company understands and knows well about the internal and external environment that helps the company to perform better and compete with the other airline companies in the market. The mega and task factors are essential to helps the company in developing strategies that help the company to solve the crisis faced by the company.Besides that, the management train of the company also has the ability to forecast the market trends and help in decision making for the company based on the statistically review. Malaysia Airline CEO, TengkuDatukAzmilZahruddin use autocratic leadership style to lead the company, because he had well structure to lead the company, it will successful in the future under autocratic leadership. Malaysia Air line has done a good job in providing five star services and maintaining long term relationship with the customers and clients.

Merits and Demerits of the Internet Essay

What ar the Merits and Demerits of internet Merits Shopping Along with getting cultivation on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. Online Chat There are many chat rooms on the web that can be accessed to meet new people, make new friends, as well as to cling in touch with old friends. more marites of internet are that we can search any thing easily . e get a corporation of agnizeledge from internet. Demerits Pornography This is a very serious issue concerning the Internet, especially when it comes to young children. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detriment to letting children use the Internet. Spamming This refers to sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no purpose and unnecessari ly clog up the entire system. there are many more demerites of net What are the merits and demerits of electronic media?Television spreads in arrangeion in an accessible format to viewers quite quickly. When an important event occurs, the audio and visual proceedings of that event can be broadcast in order to inform viewers of the event. This of course requires the proper technicians, reporters/journalists/broadcasters/etc. , equipment, timing, and infrastructure that work behind (and in front of) the scenes to bring a programme to the viewers. When information is presented, such as a political partys platform, television can be quite useful to a viewer.Of course, a fundamental problem arises when a company demand to hire and maintain the infrastructure needed to perform the television service they need m wizardy Unfortunately for television, there are numerous other sources where one whitethorn obtain information (the internet, newspapers, radio, word-of-mouth) and therefore telev ision must find methods of attaining and maintaining viewership. Of course, viewership allows the company to provide an advertisement space that is very lucrative for other companies. These methods may include Quick reporting the fastest person wins, sort of thing.This tends to be inaccurate and speculative in nature, but does provide instant viewership. Sensationalism attention-grabbing, debatable programming. Tends to focus on wild or shocking stories rather than boring (although possibly more important) issues. I could go on, but thats a life-threatening place to start. When I say TV, I immediately think entertainment. Therefore it may have started purely as an entertainment method. We will never know However, with the current events these days, network/TV bias is playing a large role in politics among other things. Something else you could look into.

Legislative Branch Essay

There are many of the essence(p) parts in the process of the legislative fork. The legislative branch pee-pees laws, and during that process many things must happen. The cardhook must pass majority votes for the dramatic art, the Senate and then the President must sign the bill into law. If the President vetoes it, the Senate can bowl over it. The legislative branch is very complex but important to our countrys government. The most important step of the legislative branch is when a bill becomes a law. The very intricate course that the bill takes is what legislation is all about. Since not all bills become laws, it is important that they pass majority of votes in the House and Senate. If it does not pass, the bill is destroyed and will have to start the editing journey over again. It is for this reason that the process of a bill becoming a law is a crucial step in the legislative process.The Senates ability to override is another very important aspect to the legislative branch . The Senate displays a very equal disbursement of each state in a fair manner, two per state. If the President vetoes a law, the Senate has the power to override it. This is very important because it assures voices from every state to be heard, rather than just the Presidents. It also gives the bill another chance to become a law. The power of the Senate plays a broad role in the legislative branch.The legislative branch is the most important branch of government. It has a very elaborate process in which a bill must go through. Some aspects are more substantial than others. When a bill officially becomes a law is essential, as well as the Senates qualification to override the Presidents decision. The complexity of the legislative lawmaking process does not undermine the importance of each step taken to create the law.

Amway Essay 9

Amway summary Introduction Amway is one of the worlds largest direct sales companies. It was founded in 1959 and is still knowledgeed by the families that founded it. It employs 14,000 people intercontinental and markets over 450 product lines. A key part of its success is its three million ABOs (Amway Business Owners) spread round 80 countries. Amway enables these people to have a business of their own. Amway recognises that it has other responsibilities, for example, to the communities in which it works. Its global vision is to help people lead better lives. StakeholdersStakeholders are groups or individuals who have an interest in the decisions of the fellowship and its business. Stakeholders can be external, like suppliers, customers or the public or internal, such as employees, or shareholders. Different types of stakeholders may have different priorities or interests. Amway has to balance start the different priorities. The families that own Amway are its only shareholders . Amway communicates regularly with stakeholders through websites, email, events, publications and membership of trade bodies. How stakeholders affect AmwayAmway is a direct selling company, cutting out retail outlets and selling straight to consumers. It has its own supply chain through ABOs. Amway needs feedback from ABOs and customers to know how well it is doing and to improve service. ABOs are independent small businesses, hardly rely on Amway suppliers to produce quality totals. How Amway affects stakeholders Amways vision to help people lead better lives explains how it works with communities. It promotes corporate social responsibility (CSR) somewhat the globe. This means that it meets its wider duties to the communities in which it works.This involves fill-ining good causes and acting in an ethical way. Amway supports its stakeholders in a number of ways. These include making good products and giving support to social programmes. It has a partnership with the childrens charity UNICEF. It helps provide vaccinations to combat the worlds six close deadly diseases. It has chosen this charity because its ABOs were most concerned about families. Ethical business Ethical businesses act to improve the communities where they work. Amways business ethics give it a clear framework in which to work. Acting in an ethical way, however, also gives it a positive business advantage.Its One by One programme is good for the environment and also good for business. This programme supports organic farming, aims to reduce waste and packaging and aims to switch to renewable energy sources. These actions carry a cost, but this can be balanced against the benefits to two the business and the community. Conclusion Amway has to balance the needs of its many different stakeholders. It sets high standards of ethical behaviour and codes of conduct to make sure these are upheld. Its CSR programme helps the environment, its own employees and disadvantaged children all around th e world.

Whaling: A Narrow Vision of the Future

Whaling is a disputed ply today. Thousands of ecologic organisations vote for an supranational chuck out on whaling to give hunt down populations a get hold for a rebound. The current paper discusses the pros and cons of an foreign veto on whaling. The paper seeks to prove that there should be no foreign dispose on whaling, as long as whaling benefits economies and medical examination research. The paper tries to deny an assumption that a moratorium on whaling nominate give hulks a chance to rebound sufficiently and, instead, promotes an idea that legalisation of whaling will facilitate ob see and managing whaling operations all over the world.TABLE OF CONTENTS foundation garment 4 Whaling A Brief incursion 4 An International Ban On Whaling The Benefits of Legalisation 6 Whaling A Never Ending line? 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 11 WHALING A NARROW VISION OF THE FUTURE Introduction Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of scientists and bionomical organisations argue for an international cast aside on whaling and view such a ban as the only way to vivify whale populations in global devil dog eco outlines.Thousands of former(a)s are confident that an international ban on whaling will not benefit brutes the decreasing arrive of whales is the reflection of the natural soures which no ban can stop. The history of whaling dates back thousands years ago. People capture whales as long as they had boats and could sail. Today, whaling has become a convenient object of speculations and no wholeness has been equal to justify the need for an international ban so far.Objectively, there should be no international ban on whaling because whaling benefits economies and medical research, and legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing the chassis of whales capture and killed for technical purposes. Whaling A Brief Insight Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological and animal rig hts organisations argue that an international ban on whaling is necessary to give whales a chance to revitalize their populations.The estimated number of Blue Whales today is slight than 3500 in 1931 alone, almost 30,000 Blue Whales were killed for commercial purposes. The current population of Blue Whales represents less than 1% of the entireness number of whales killed between 1910 and 1969. However, it was not before 1966 that an official moratorium on commercial whaling was provided, to afford a well(p) beginning on the long journey to recovery. Whaling dates back to the times when humans started to build boats thousands of years ago, whaling was one of the most widely used forms of inquisition.For thousands of years, whales had served excellent reservoirs of food, wax, and cover. Hunters valued them even more for their sizing and the quantity of heterogeneous resources they could provide at once. Only by the middle of the 1870s did whale oil products give place to oil products establish on petroleum and since then, whales have been mostly used for meat. Today, Japan and Norway are considered as the biggest flagellum to whales these countries, plus Iceland, seek to lift the ban on whaling by all possible marrow.More importantly, these countries plow hunting whales despite the moratorium on whaling brought in in 1986. Norway is hunting whales in the North Atlantic American Eskimos and Russian northern aboriginals are allowed to hunt whales in small quantities to meet their needs for food. Japan actively engages in whaling, to pursue the needs and goals of medical research. Notwithstanding the potential benefits of the ban on whaling, this ban is seeming to cause serious sparing surdies.Today, no international ban on whaling should exist, because whaling is associated with operative economic benefits, because whales serve the needs of medical research and, finally, because legal whaling will facilitate monitoring the number of whales hunted and killed for commercial purposes. An International Ban on Whaling The Benefits of Legalisation That whaling is the source of both direct and indirect economic benefits is difficult to deny, and there should be no international ban on whaling, to let different countries meet their economic needs.The inner markets for whale products are similarly small to support the countries like Norway and Iceland. The latter maintain hunting whales, according to the quotas that had been set by the International Whaling Commission. Japan and Norway fail to meet their sales targets and lose significant financial resources due to the small quotas and the lack of hunting opportunities. In 2008 alone, Japan lost more than $20 million whaling dollars, which could have been directed to support various economic social programmes in the similar fashion, Norway is experiencing difficulties with its whale product markets.Given the difficult economic situation, whaling could become an excellent opportunit y for countries like Norway and Japan to contract additional jobs and to use whale products as an extremely precious export item. Before the moratorium on whaling in 1986, the share of whale products in Norwegian exports accounted for 2 percent of all maritime products and, simultaneously, for more than 70 percent of the total merchandise products on average. There should be no international ban on whaling, because it limits economic opportunities of sea countries and does not give them a chance to improve their economic situation.Whaling is the source of numerous indirect advantages. Indirect benefits of whaling arise from the link between commercial whaling, the size of natural whale populations, and the size of fish stocks. Because whales are the largest throwrs of fish stock in the North Atlantic, they threaten the stability of numerous other fish stocks, including krill and cod. Although the relationships between whales and other fish populations are increasingly mixed, sc ientists assume that whale stocks around Iceland could endure to the 10 percent decline in other fish stocks, including cod stocks.Given that the annual sustainable yield of the cod stock is no less than 350 thousand tons, a ban on whaling could embody Iceland 35 thousand tons of cod stock every year a number too significant for a small country like Iceland. There should be no international ban on whaling, based on the premise that whales were and remain an important object of medical research. Whales are as important for human and animal research, and it would be fair to say that an international ban on whaling will significantly reduce the existing medical research opportunities.As a result, an international ban on whaling will wane the hopes of those who seek a cure for the most difficult diseases. Since the middle of the 20th century, whales had been hunted and used for their hypophyses. The number of whale hypophyses dropped with time and their popularity declined, but they made a profound contribution to the growth of medical research and pharmacology. Whales pancreases were extensively used in the production of insulin. Whales used to be an effective source of growth hormones for people the hormones were extracted from whales thymus glands.Today, the world must think twice before an international ban on whaling becomes a reality. The world must avoid banning whaling activity in the future, to give medical researchers sufficient opportunities to pursue their research goals. Although the topic of animal research is increasingly controversial, it is not within the electron orbit of this paper to discuss the pros and cons of such research. Simultaneously, it is clear that despite all limitations, researchers will continue to apply to the benefits of animal research, to enhance the efficiency of their research operations.In the current state of medical knowledge, whales present a valuable opportunity to befriend people with complex diagnoses. In gener al terms, any ban on whaling is presumable to result in significant negative changes and serious losses, both economic and scientific. Nevertheless, ecological and animal rights organisations continue asserting that such a ban is necessary to restore the number of whales in natural marine ecosystems. Whaling and Nature A Never Ending Debate? That whale populations decline and need a chance to restore their number is the central argument ecological organisations use to support the need on an international ban on whaling.Needless to say, whale populations do decline but whether whaling is the direct cause of ecological problems is difficult to define. The current state of research provides compelling evidence that the decline in the number of existent whales is natural, and no ban can change it. The argument in favor of an international ban on whaling exemplifies a recurrent conflict between perception and rhetoric, and while more and more scientists vote for an international ban on whaling, even more scientists and organisations come to recognise the irrelevance of such a ban.The point is in that scientists lack scientific evidence to prove that whale populations, including Atlantic humpbacks, can rebound sufficiently due to an international ban on whaling. Another question is in whether an international ban on whaling and, as a result, the growing number of whales is likely to misbalance the global marine ecosystem. Throughout the last centuries, the number of whales had been constantly declining. Whether more whales work for the better or the worse of the ecological system is still the issue of the major concern.The historical data regarding the number of whales that lived in the international ecosystems and were hunted finishedout the last two-three centuries implies that whales dungeon in super-abundance do not benefit ecological systems but, on the contrary, can eat out the oceans as fast as they can go. Scientific assumptions about potential extermin ation of whales are based on numbers scientists believe that the rapidly declining number of whales during the last two centuries indicates the threat which whaling poses to the stability of whale and other fish populations in various marine ecosystems.However, before an international ban on whaling becomes a reality, scientists must decide what natural effects it will produce and whether it is worth banning whaling for the sake of unnoticeable changes in whale populations. Moreover, it would be fair to assume that even in case of such a ban, countries will continue their whaling activities and not a ban but legalisation of whaling will give ecological organisations better opportunities to manage and monitor various whaling activities.Murray (2010) is correct, saying that the resumption of limited legal whaling will help organisations reign control of the practice and will, ultimately, save the lives of almost 18,000 whales every year. If ecologists seek effective means to restore whale populations, there is no way for them better than making whaling legal, acceptable, and widely spread. Conclusion Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological organisations vote for an international ban on whaling, to give whales a chance to restore their populations.There should be no international ban on whaling. Whaling is the source of significant economic benefits. Whaling benefits economies through more jobs and higher export profits. Indirect benefits of whaling imply an opportunity to preserve numerous fish stocks, including krill and cod, which whales consume in thousands. Whales benefit medical research and give a hope to cure the most complex human diseases. That the number of whales gradually declines is not necessarily the result of whaling but a natural process which no ban can stop.Legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing whaling operations, and if ecologists seek effective means to control whale population there is no way for them better than to make whaling legal and acceptable. Recommendations Whaling should be legalised. Governments and ecological organisations must develop a system of quotas and limits to the annual number of whales available for hunting. A system of monitoring must be developed to control the number of whales killed for commercial purposes and the changes in whale populations in various ecosystems.

Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious Essay

As Antonia Peacocke quotes in her experiment, The point Family laugh at is star of the first in history that has been canceled non just once, but twice (300-301). The surface was brought bear out in August 2000 and again in July 2001 when fans could not get enough of the adult cartoon. As well as being a fan favorite, Family Guy is also a controersial topic for critics all over the world. In the essay, Family Guy and Freud Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, Antonia Peacocke analyzes the show and gives her reasons why it is not all negative and porcine humor. Antonia Peacocke is a student at Harvard University. She is also a National Merit Scholar, and has won awards such as the Catherine Fairfax MacRae prize for Excellence in both English and Mathematics.She was asked to write this essay specifically for the leger They regularize, I say with readings. The Peacockes main point of her entire essay is that she wants to let readers know why Family Guy is not a bad show , in her and others opinions, but sensation that has been criticized for solely bringing entertainment. Peacocke does a victorious job in portraying this, but it is not completely clear until the end, where her thesis can be found. The very last sentence of the essay is her thesis While I love Family Guy as oftentimes as any fan, its important not to lose sight of whats truly un leery in real life even as we appreciate what is hilarious in apologue (Peacocke 308). Peacockes thesis could be a little more clear throughout her essay, therefore, I do not feel it is as effective as it could be, but the author clearly states her argument and presents her case.Peacocke starts the essay of by saying, Before I was such a devotee, however, I was adamantly opposed to the program for its cross brand of humor (Peacocke 300). She makes it clear her feelings about the show in the very beginning. Although she is a fan, she at matchless succession dis desire the show. She quotes Stephen D ubner, co-author of Freakonomics, as saying a cartoon comedy that packs more gags per narrow-minded about race, sex, incest, bestiality, etc. than any other show he can think of (Peacocke 300). She backs up her one time opinions by saying It will come as no surprise that I was not solely in this view many still denounce Family Guy as bigoted and crude (Peacocke 300).Although the show is circulating(prenominal)ly very successful, she says It must be one of the few shows in television history that has been canceled not only once, but twice The show ran until August 2000, but was besieged by so many complaintsthat Fox shelved it until July 2001 (Peacocke 300). Also, she says, I must admit, I can see how parts of the show might take c ar offensive if taken at face value (Peacocke 302). At one point Peacocke realized, I found myself obligate to give Family Guy a chance. It was simply everywhere (Peacocke 302).One of Peacockes main points is that Family Guy has gained much positive attention. On Facebook, as Peacocke explains, there are 23 universal separate Family Guy groups with a combined membership of 1,669 lot (compared with only 6 groups protesting against Family Guy, with 105 members total). Users of the well-respected Internet Movie Database rate the show 8.8 out of 10 (Peacocke 303). As you can see, among the public and within the industry, the show receives fantastic acclaim it has won eight awards, including iii primetime Emmys (Peacocke 303). Also, when the show was on the brink of cancellation, fans provided the brute source necessary to get it back on the air (Peacocke 303). The more she was around the show, the more positively she viewed it. Peacocke then goes on to say that those who do not often watch the show, could easily come to think that the cartoon takes pleasure in polemic humor just for its own sake Peacocke 303).The next main point that Peacocke claims is that viewers who pay more attention and think about the creators intentions can see that Family Guy intelligently satirizes some aspects of American cultivation (Peacocke 304). The next paragraph is a segment from an possibility in season 4, which shows Stewie reading a book only because it was on the Oprah reading list. Peacocke says Brian and Stewie demonstrate insightfully and comically how Americans are willing to follow the instructions of a celebrity blindly and less willing to admit that they are doing so (Peacocke 304). The jokes that Family Guy is known for, withdraw a different kind of viewer. Such viewers areconscious and critical viewers (Peacocke 304). In my opinion, the very last sentence is the most powerful in the whole essay. Peacocke states They are not and I cannot stress this enough, self serving as it may seem immoral or easily manipulated people (304).Peacocke says that it sheds light on, and allows viewers the ability to analyze what they are watching, the creators of Family Guy point out the weaknesses and defects of U.S. soc iety in a mocking and sometimes intolerant way (Peacocke 305). A good example of this is the segment from the episode I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar. In this episode, the instructional video quoted above becomes not only funny but also insightful. In its satire, viewers can recognize the sickly sweet and falsely huffy sexism of the 1950s in observing just how conveniently self-serving the speaker of the video appears. The message of the clips denounces and ridicules sexism rather than condoning it (Peacocke 305).The last main point that Peacocke makes is that Family Guy does not aim to hurt, and its creators take indisputable measures to keep it from collision too hard Seth MacFarlane plainly states that there are certain jokes too upsetting to certain groups to go on the air (Peacocke 307). Also, Peacocke states that I believe Family Guy has its intelligent points, and some of its seemingly unwashed scenes often have hidden merit (Peacocke 308). In the next sentence Peacocke does adm it that sometimes the creators do seem cross or, perhaps, eagerly race past the line of indecency (Peacocke 308). In her closing paragraph, Peacocke questions the point that while Family Guy can provide a sort of relief by breaking bolt down taboos, we must still wonder whether or not these taboos exist for a reason (Peacocke 308).All three main points that the author makes are valid, and as seen in quotes, each main topic is backed up by main points. The first main point is that Family Guy is gaining positive attention. Although this is a valid point, as seen by the popularity, and the awards, this isnt reason enough to call the show good. As the author states, at one point she was not a fan of the show but it later turned onto it by exposure. The cloy of the show did not change for her opinion to change, she just gave the show a chance and realized she liked the humor.The second main point is that the show makes intellectual references to American culture. This is a valid poi nt as to why the show is good. Any show with a little bit of substance makes references to the past and current topics. It tells what is going on in the world, and explains topics everybody should be aware of. The last main point is that Family Guy breaks rules that no other major TV program or network has been able to break. Although many critics believe these are rules that shouldnt be broken, the creators believe it needs to be done. This makes it a good because it crosses boundaries that others are afraid to cross.decisiveness will link back to first comparison to Freud.Work CitedPeacocke, Antonia. Family Guy and Freud Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. They Say, I Say with readings. Ed. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, and Gerald Graff. New York W.W. Norton, 2012. 300-308. Print.

BICS and CALP Essay

BICS and CALP are unique in its particular style of learning, each one adaptable accord to the availability of resources with a particular student. A view butt end be held that BICS are easily learnt via interaction with people in society, at home, and by media. The accuracy of learning is non accounted of unless an individual is passed through the channelise of CALP. CALP brings out the best caliber among students and prepares efficient individuals as it is a whole package of hard run with affectionate components. Differences between BICS and CALPsno Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Skills (CALP) 1 Offers the skills of communication, interaction that can be used in society and at home environment. Teaching of position language at school level offers fundamentals, basic grammar, speaking, reading, writing, with its strong components and an eligibility for master over language for nurture certification at graduate, post- graduate and doctorate level. 2 Very helpful in communicating with one some other in day to day activities.Physical gestures shake hand, smile, nod of head, wave of hand to a fault indicate and send a warm message to the receiver which is more effective and communicative tool. Involves excessive mental work in preparation of words including and applying knowledge at every step. Although it appears as a complex activity, there can be no other best or an alternative expertise way to prepare students for lingual mastery at school and graduate level. 3 Home environment is sufficient as parents also contribute to the development of perfect etiquette in communications.However, it depends on home atmosphere where it said home is the anterior school where the interaction begins with parents which works as a tool and motivates the child to take decisions about credenza and refusal of a particular situation according to the development of mental perception of a student instill atmosphere , influence of Teachers on students is predominantly heavy at teaching level. Students listen, understand, write, follow and practice that is being taught by the teachers.The entire responsibility is laid on Teachers. Therefore, on an average most of the teachers expect a meritorious grade from all the students as a record of good teaching level, irrespective of students private status. When this is not possible, teachers take every care about students understanding of position i. e. basics, grammar, phonetics, both writing and reading of English is at prospective and intelligible stage which is earmarked in evaluation of examination papers. 4 This appears very late students who are perfect at CALP.It can also be easily taught through the medium of television, playact school and etc. , which is also effective tool for BICS as television programmes such as survey network, pogo, Disney network also telecast programmes in favour of students to provide more effective understanding, accurate orthoepy of words which is entertaining and learning based. Learning of CALP requires, effort, hard work, constant persuasion, and periodical assignment evaluation through strict procedures of correction method to prepare students to be experts in CALP.Conclusion Teaching in schoolroom holds very good for CALP as each student is enabled with strong foundation of fundamental and basic strong communication skills to become a successful communicator as well to make a prospective occupational group in a particular subject. An anecdote of a secretary and boss goes in the following port Boss dictated his secretary to send a telegram whitethorn his soul rest in peace. Duty bound secretary typed and sent the message in the following line May his soul rest in piece.Here an identification is made about incoherence, lack of idea or imperfect in English language which is unacceptable at every level. Therefore, it is important for a student to gain mastery over BICS as well CALP at s chool itself with the support of Teachers. http//72. 14. 253. 104/ pursuit? q=cachegh4cm4R7Nt0Jwww. ollusa. edu/FileUploads/PsyDHandbook. pdf+differences+between+BICS+abd+CALP&hl=en&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=4&ie=UTF-8

Fiscal and Monetary Policy- the Response of Global Economic Crisis Especially in Eu Essay

monetary and financial form _or_ system of organisation-The response of global sparing crisis especially in EUIntroductionMonetary and monetary authorities across the globe prolong responded quickly and decisively to these extraordinary developments. In particular, against the background of promptly receding pretentiousnessary pressures and risks, the Euro system has interpreted monetary constitution and fluidness management measures that were unprecedented in nature, scope and timing. Since October last year they reduced the engross rate on the main re pay operations. They besides erectd absolute liquidity bear out to the banking system in the euro ara to substantiate the flow of reference work. Governments in the euro atomic number 18a come re deeded swiftly to stabilize the financial system and to counteract the adverse impact of the financial crisis on the literal parsimoniousness.Both monetary and financial authorities will need to wait credible and effective, and to fulfill their various(prenominal) responsibilities. In so doing, they will lay solid foundations for future sparing recovery and long-term economical growth and job creation. The crisis has shown how important it is to have an indep removeent primordial bank firmly committed to the nonsubjective of cost constancy. At the same time, organizations moldiness make a strong and credible commitment to a path of fiscal consolidation and thus comply with the Stability and Growth Pact. except they must besides resist the temptation to further increase the size of the remark measures, as this could erode trust in the sustainability of existence finances and deprave the effectiveness of the measures already pick out. seeetary economic situationThe financial markets, which was triggered by a systematic under-pricing of risk, particularly in the US sub-prime mortgage market, has now developed into a sufficienty-fledged financial and economic crisis at g lobal train. While the world scrimping continues to face a severe and synchronized downturn, recent international business confidence indicators suggest that the pace of the descent in economic body process is slowing down somewhat. almost forecasters expect that the global economy is belike to recover in 2010.The economic prospects dwell fraught with uncertainty. Comp atomic number 18d with a few months ago, overall risks to global economic growth have fetch to a greater extent equilibrate. A stronger positive confidence effect than expected triggered by the monetary and fiscal indemnity measures could lead to a more sustained recovery in global lead and in global trade, and a quicker normalization of financial market and credit conditions. If global constitution actions fail to flow an appropriate agreement between economic stimulus and longer-term sustainability, financial market conditions could turn unfavorable again. Global inflation evaluate have continued to d iminish promptly. This is mainly due(p) to lower commodity prices, saplesser stab market conditions and greater global economic slack. Risks to global inflation seem to be broadly balanced in the short to medium term. Inflation risks depend on how efficiently the authorities eat up the policy stimulus. Euro activityIn global developments, economic activity in the euro force field has withal contracted sagaciously since the second half of 2008. The euro state economy has shrunk by somewhat 4% over the past cardinal quarters, the worst decline since the fasten on of Economic and Monetary Union. For the menstruum quarter, there is evidence that the economy has shrunk further, though at a slower pace. The economy is no longer in free fall we argon seeing the first signs of stabilization. Indicators of consumer confidence and business sentiment have continued to improve somewhat. We are also seeing some encouraging signs of normalization in financial markets.The euro area ec onomy is likely to be very weak for the remainder of past year. The unfeigned gross domestic product growth are broadly in line with the most recent forecasts from the IMF and the European Commission. Both institutions expect the euro area economy to contract by 4% or more in 2009, followed by a gradual recovery in 2010. The project gradual recovery reflects the significant macroeconomic stimulus under way and the measures taken to make the financial system function normally twain inside and outside the euro area. Euro price developmentInflation in the euro area has declined rapidly since it reached its highest level, 4%, last summer. In May, The decline over this period is primarilydue to the marked fall in global commodity prices, and particularly oil prices. Inflation rates are likely to enter negative territory during the summer, but we expect them to turn positive by the end of 2009. This can largely be explained by base effects from energy prices. These effects are of no co ncern to the ECB, which aims to maintain price stability in the medium term. In other words, its monetary policy strategy aims to ensure that short-term excitableness in inflation rates does non lead to volatility in long-term inflation expectations. It is reinforced by the anticipation that prices will decline further in the future. As a consequence, inflation expectations become dis fixed and negative, and firms and households whitethorn decide to postpone investments and major purchases.Medium-term inflation expectations remain hale anchored at levels consistent with price stability, low or negative inflation rates for a short period of time may help to sustain real income and may therefore bump around snuff iting. But compensate if inflation rates to turn positive again by the end of this year, the weak economic outlook for the euro area is expected to keep domestic price pressures delivered for some time. Monetary and financing conditionsFinancing conditions in the e uro area, external financing costs have been declining since October last year, and particularly sharply since the start of this year. Following policy hobby rate cuts, bank lending rates have fallen significantly. This indicates that the pass-through implement from policy rates to the real economy has continued to function in recent months, even though there is evidence that banks margins have widened. With credit spreads across all rating classes decreasing from their record highs and with railway line prices rising, the overall cost of financing for euro area non-financial corporations is diminishing. In general, the recent positive signs from financial markets point to a gradual improvement in confidence among investors. Monetary policyThe ECB has acted in a by the bye, decisive and appropriate manner since the start of the financial market. When the escalating financial crisis led to a rapid decline of inflationary pressures. The interest rate on the main refinancing operat ions now stands at 1.0%, its lowest level since the launchof the euro. This level is appropriate taking into account all information and analyses. Money market rates have fallen even further to record lows, and the loan interest rates charged by banks have declined. Substantive monetary policy easing is already being felt in the real economy.In amplification to lowering the policy interest rate quickly and sharply, we have resorted to highly non-standard liquidity operations in order to provide the financial system with the liquidity that was so urgently needed. withstand October, They adopted a fixed-rate full allotment procedure in all their open market operations. This gives banks as a lot important bank liquidity as they want at our key policy interest rate, against an expanded list of eligible collateral. Coupled with the fact that essentially all financially sound euro area credit institutions can participate in the Euro systems refinancing operations, these measures have significantly eased the banks balance sheet constraints, thereby avoiding a sudden stop in the supply of credit and the emergence of a systemic crisis. Policy measuresBoth monetary and fiscal policy-makers have reacted in a forceful and timely manner, aiming to restore confidence. And indeed, as regards the Euro systems monetary policy and liquidity management measures. Confidence has returned to financial markets, and business surveys are picking up. Global and domestic demand to increasingly benefit from the significant economic stimulus and the measures taken so far to bring the financial system back to normal functioning. pecuniary policy measuresFiscal authorities in the euro area have demonstrated their willingness and capacity to act rapidly and in a interrelated manner in exceptional circumstances. It is important to distinguish between measures think to condescend the banking empyrean and fiscal policy measures aimed at stimulating demand. Support for the banking sect orGovernment support for the banking sector was necessary it has safeguarded the stability of the financial system. The price of this success, however, is that governments have incurred substantial fiscal costs and credit risks that are ultimately borne by valuatepayers. Following the adoption of aconcerted European action plan on 12 October 2008, euro area governments announced national measures to support the banking sector. These measures consist of government guarantees for interbank lending, recapitalization of financial institutions in fractiousy, increase the coverage of retail deposit insurance and asset relief schemes.Overall, euro area governments committed about 23% of euro area GDP to financial sector support measures. For the euro area, the various support measures adopted so far are expected to have only a small direct impact on government deficits, whereas the impact on debt is expected to be about 3% of GDP. Finally, contingent liabilities related to the financial rescue measures are expected to be about 8% of GDP, excluding government guarantees on retail deposits. These figures, however, do not reflect the very different developments taking place across euro area countries.Rising long-term government bond yields may only have a gradual impact on government borrowing costs, as changes in interest rates only affect the cost of newly issued debt and debt at variable interest rates. However, they may signal both a reduced willingness on the part of investors to provide long-term funding as well as difficulty in accessing capital market funds. So far, most euro area countries have enjoyed relatively low interest rates on new government debt issuance, despite facing considerably more difficult market conditions. Looking ahead, as the economy recovers and disputation for financing increases, governments may face higher bond yields again. Use of fiscal policyIn addition to providing financial support to the banking sector, euro area governments re acted forcefully to counter the negative impact of the financial turmoil on the real economy. Besides the operation of automatic stabilizers, which provide a significant cushion to the euro area economy by way of lower tax revenues and higher spending on unemployment benefits, the discretionary use of fiscal policy helped to mitigate the effects of the global economic downturn. However, fiscal stimulus measures need to remain short and be combined with measures that ensure fiscal sustainability over the medium run. This will preserve trust in the sustainability of humanity finances and support both the recovery and long-term economic growth.While the recent coordinated fiscal loosening has been broadly accepted as a legitimate and necessary step in the short run, given the exceptional economic circumstances, it also entails a significant fiscal burden. The latest for sale economic point to dramatic developments in euro area cosmos finances. In addition to a rapidly deteriorating general government deficit, which is expected to be above 6% of euro area GDP in 2010, the euro area debt ratio will increase by about 15 percentage points to above 80% of GDP by 2010. These figures are very high, though they compare favorably with other major economic regions that have also provided a substantial fiscal impulse to their economy. The budget deficit in both the joined Kingdom and the join States is projected to be about 14% of GDP in 2010.Against this back bring down, euro area countries must reject calls for additional fiscal loosening. In the underway environment, any further fiscal stimulus is likely to be counterproductive as it could hamper the economic recovery in two ways. First of all, even higher fiscal deficits could fuel market concerns about a countrys ability to bump its future debt obligations, thus putting upward pressure on interest rates. Second, increasing budget deficits would also raise concerns about a higher tax burden in the future, thus in ducing consumers to indite rather than spend any additional income.The financial sector support measures, combined with the Euro systems enhanced credit support measures, were successful in safeguarding the stability of the financial system. Together, these initiatives have the potential to tackle the crisis of confidence at its root also by taking into account the fundamental role of the banking sector in the functioning of the economy. The restructuring of the banking sector is the top policy priority, and progress in this domain is the key to economic recovery. Given the challenges which lie ahead, banks should take appropriate measures to prove their capital base and, where necessary, take full value of government support and in particular recapitalization measures.Fiscal policy can contribute to macroeconomic stability also through discretionary actions. When assessing the merits of the different measurestaken, we should differentiate between measures such as (1) expenditu re increases and (2) tax cuts, and (3) measures like guarantees and loan subsidies to specific sectors of the economy. Moreover, this type of support would be difficult to reverse and might act as a brake on long-term growth.Turning to the effectiveness of fiscal measures to stimulate demand (spending increases and tax cuts), it crucially depends on the behavior of economic agents, and that in turn also affects the size of the fiscal multipliers (the GDP effect of fiscal stimulus measures). The expectation that higher government spending today may lead to higher taxation in the future would induce both households and firms to save rather spend any additional income, thus reducing the size of the fiscal multiplier. Therefore, the public perception of overall fiscal sustainability plays an important role in the impact of the assessive national fiscal stimuli. The effectiveness of fiscal stimulus measures also depends on the extent to which private investors respond positively to tax policy, with their investments likely to be more responsive in the case of temporary tax breaks, as they provide an incentive to bring prior future investment plans. At the same time, there is a risk that fiscal stimulus measures may crowd out private investment by putting upward pressure on interest rates.Fiscal stimulus measures should be timely, temporary and targeted. Timely means that the measures take effect when they are needed any delays in assessing the cyclical situation, in taking decisions and implementing the measures may fail to prevent a drop in output. Temporary implies that the fiscal impulse should only last as long as the box in question. Targeted relates to the expected size of the multiplier effect. In addition to these TTT criteria, the measures should be consistent with other policy objectives such as fiscal sustainability, long-term economic growth and the functioning of the market mechanism. Implications of policy measuresThe current crisis has increased t he role of the government in the economy. Some bank rescue operations have gnarly outright nationalizations, so governments now have significant exposure to the financial sector.Similarly, the large fiscal stimuli packages adopted by many countries have led to a large increase in the size of the public sector in the economy.At the same time, the turmoil is being interpreted by some as a crisis of the market economy. It has encouraged critics of the market economy to speak out and demand a much larger role in the economy for governments.The financial system clearly needs a fundamental overhaul. Financial institutions have to take a different approach and adopt appropriate incentives. We need to strengthen the regulation of the financial system, and in particular, we must improve the international cooperation between national supervisors of the financial sector.But the policy-makers must not get carried away by recent events they should act in a calculated way, and not throw the bab y out with the bathwater. While governments have had no alternative but to support systemically relevant financial institutions, they should, as a rule, keep their assistance to specific sectors or firms to a minimum. And when they do intervene, they should prepare clear and credible communicate strategies. No matter how serious the current crisis is, the market economy remains the best way to organize our economic affairs.An exit strategy is a comprehensive programmed to withdraw and neutralize measures taken during the financial crisis, without causing any harm to the economy. If they have no well-defined exit strategy, governments may get bogged down and the positive impact of the measures taken may be undermined. A well thought-out exit strategy is needed to reassure economic agents that a timely restoration of the level performing field in the different sectors of the economy is the ultimate objective. As such, an exit strategy needs to contain clear criteria about the timing of the withdrawal of the financial support and the reversal of the fiscal stimuli.Euro area governments did not lay out clear exit strategies when they announced the stimuli. Some of their measures do not expire mechanically or are not explicitly designed to be temporary. The possible difficulties of reversing the fiscal stimulus packages may hinder the return to sound fiscal positions in the short run. Under these circumstances, the peer pressure mechanism, on which the EU fiscal framework is based, may be weakened thusmaking more difficult a return to sound fiscal policies. As a matter of fact, countries with high fiscal deficits may be tempted not to put political pressure on their peers. Protracted excessive deficits may undermine the credibility of the EU fiscal framework, thus casting doubts on fiscal sustainability and jeopardizing the Stability and Growth Pact.The current crisis has taught us an important lesson about the importance of preserving the publics trust in the sou ndness of public finances. At the current juncture, euro area governments must make credible commitments to return to sound fiscal policies. Doing so in full compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact is the most credible exit strategy. This requires, first, a full reversal of the fiscal stimulus measures taken so far. This is necessary to ensure an efficient tryst of resources by minimizing distortions in the incentives of economic agents and by avoiding a permanent increase in the size of the public sector. Second, governments must live up to their commitment to maintain fiscal discipline. This means that credible fiscal consolidation plans have to be implemented as early as possible, including a consolidation effort of at least 1% of GDP per annum where necessary. Understanding the monetary policy from the crisisThe current crisis demonstrates, once again, how important it is for central banks to remain independent of political influence. Even if we are experiencing the wors t economic downturn since the 1930s, long-term inflation expectations in the euro area remain solidly anchored in line with the ECBs definition of price stability. Although central banks may be charged with additional tasks in the aftermath of the crisis, their primary objective must remain the maintenance of price stability. We cannot allow any conflicts of interest to arise. The high-level expert group headed by Jacques de Larosire, condition Governor of the Bank of France and Managing Director of the IMF, has identified a number of weaknesses in the supervisory framework both inside and outside Europe that contributed to the figure of speech-up of the current crisis.The important role played by monetary psychoanalysis and in particular the role of asset prices when assessing the risks to price stability over themedium term. Price stability is our primary objective, but this does not imply that we only focus on short to medium-term movements in inflation. all build-up of fin ancial imbalances which could pose risks to price stability in the longer term could be overlooked under a restrictive short-term approach. The ECBs assessment of risks to price stability is well equipped to unwrap these types of risk as it is based on a comprehensive economic and monetary analysis its long-familiar two-pillar strategy. The first pillar, the economic analysis, is common to most central banks. This analysis basically consists of identifying risks to price stability in the short to medium term by analyzing the interplay between aggregate supply and aggregate demand in the economy.The second pillar, the monetary analysis, plays a more prominent role at the ECB than at other central banks. The ECB pays special attention to monetary developments in recognition of the fact that monetary growth and inflation are closely related in the medium to long term. Analyzing developments in credit, and in particular loans to the private sector, is reformatory in extracting the re levant signals from the monetary developments. This analysis also implies a regular monitoring of asset price developments and their implications. This analysis will become even more prominent in the future. ConclusionThe fiscal and monetary authorities have responded forcefully and their efforts are slowly starting to bear fruit. The pace of the economic capsule appears to be slowing down, and confidence indicators have improved somewhat. The crisis has highlighted the importance of sound public finances. Governments need to merge during good economic times in order to have room for man oeuvre during not-so-good times. With respect to monetary policy, the crisis has demonstrated the importance of having an independent central bank credibly committed to price stability.The fiscal and monetary authorities have an important role in sustaining the economic recovery. Governments must devise and order credible strategies to exit from the banking sector and to ensure that the discretio nary policy measures adopted during the crisis will be reversed. Their full compliancewith the Stability and Growth Pact is the best tool to solidly anchor market expectations. Most importantly, we will continue to deliver on what we are expected to deliver, which is to maintain price stability, and to provide an anchor of confidence in difficult times.The current crisis has shown how important it is for countries to consolidate during good economic times and to build a fiscal reservoir from which they can draw in periods of drought. Many euro area countries failed to do so. They suddenly found themselves in this turbulent environment burdened by high fiscal deficits and debt ratios.As regards monetary policy, it is equally important to draw up a strategy for withdrawing in due air the extraordinary measures that have been implemented or announced. The ECB obviously cannot maintain the current degree of support indefinitely. We are providing substantial short-term support to the fi nancial system and the real economy, and thereby ultimately maintaining price stability. In fact, we are prompt to take appropriate actions once the macroeconomic environment improves. We will ensure that the measures taken can be quickly unwound and the liquidity provided absorbed. This includes, for instance, unwinding the increase in the average maturity of our refinancing operations. Being prepared to exit from our non-standard measures as soon as the macroeconomic conditions justify such a move helps to maintain price stability over the medium term and to ensure a firm anchoring of longer-term inflation expectations.ReferencesAlan Auerbach and Yuriy Gorodnichenko, 2012a, measuring stick the Output Responses to Fiscal Policy,American Economic Journal Economic Policy,Alan Auerbach and Yuriy Gorodnichenko, 2012b, Fiscal Multipliers in Recession and Expansion, NBER Chapters, in Fiscal Policy after the Financial Crisis, edited by Alberto Alesina and Francesco Giavazzi (Universit y of Chicago Press). Rdiger Bachmann and Eric Sims, 2012, Confidence and the transmitting of government spending shocks, Journal of Monetary EconomicsBlanchard, O. and R. Perotti (2002). An Empirical Characterization of the Dynamic Effects of Changes in Government Spending and Taxes on Output. Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4) 1329-1368.Nicoletta Batini, Giovanni Callegari and Giovanni Melina, 2012. Successful Austerity in the United States, Europe and Japan, IMF Working Papers 12/190, International Monetary Fund.Anja Baum and Gerritt Koester, 2011, The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Activity Over the Business Cycle Evidence from a Threshold VAR compend Deutsche BundesbankAnja Baum, Marcos Poplawski-Riberio and Anke Weber, 2012, Fiscal Multipliers and the State of the Economy, IMF Working Paper, International Monetary Fund, December.International Monetary Fund, World Economic observatory (2008).Fiscal Policy as a countercyclical tool. OctoberEthan Ilzetzki, Enrique Mend oza & Carlos Vegh, 2011. How Big (Small?) are Fiscal Multipliers?, IMF Working Papers (International Monetary Fund.) Forthcoming, Journal of Monetary Economics.Daniel Shoag, 2012, The Impact of Government Spending Shocks Evidence on the Multiplier from State bonus Plan Returns, Harvard Kennedy School. Antonio Spilimbergo, Steven Symansky, and Martin Schindler, Fiscal Multipliers, Staff Position NoteNo. 2009/11, International Monetary Fund.Perotti, R. (2002). Estimating the effects of fiscal policy in OECD countries. ECB Working Paper.