Instances of Free Will in Antigone by Sophocles Essay

Free will is a gift given to man to remain in control of their lives; our fate and destiny are determined by our free will and the decisions we make. In the play Antigone, written by Sophocles Antigone demonstrates her free will when she decides to bury her brother, directly defying Creon’s law. As a result of this defiance her fate was suicide. The choice she made functions as a exercise of free will because she considered the consequences and defied Creon anyway, that defiance sealed her fate. Antigone clearly controlled her fate through free will. However this is not always the case in A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich written by Alexandr Solzhenistyn, Ivan has little to no free will because he does not make his own choices, his fate is controlled by others. Free will is a term used to describe a course of action you would take among various alternatives. Philosophers argue that the concept of free will is closely connected to the concept of moral responsibility. Acting with free will is to satisfy the requirements of being responsible for one’s actions. Antigone bury’s her brother Polyneices because she believes it is her Moral duty to do so, as he is her brother and everyone deserves a proper burial. Antigone’s free will is to act upon this moral responsibility in which she feels she is obligated to do. Our fate is not determined by us but a much more powerful force. Fate â€Å"is an inevitable and often adverse outcome, condition, or end.† According to the Webster dictionary. In the book A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich Ivan’s fate is inevitable, he is no longer in control of his life after being sentenced to 10 years in the Soviet Gulag system. In the camp Ivan is forced to live under very strict rule and if he disobeys the regulations he can be killed. Clearly Ivan has no control over his life and is forced to live a certain way in order to stay alive. Antigony goes against Creon’s law that forbade anyone to bury polyneices, her brother. Breaking of Creon’s law will result in death. Knowing the consequences Antigone bury’s her brother regardless, having guard over his body. Antigone was caught burying Polyneices and brought to Creon where she faced death. Antigone made the decision to bury her brother. This act was not forced upon her by anyone but her own morals. She determined her fate through free will. Though she knew the consequences she made the decision that she did which sealed her fate, because she knew she would die if she buried her brother. Antigone would rather die than not let her brother be buried. â€Å"And if I have to die for this pure crime,/ I am content, for I shall rest beside him;/ His love will answer mine† (lines 72-74). This quote demonstrates how Antigone makes the decision that she does knowing she will die. She is content with the idea of dying if it means her brother will get a proper burial. Antigone is pursuing her fate by burying her brother. Antigone is not looking at it as death she has a different approach to things than others, for example her sister. This approach makes her fearless, she does not see dying necessarily as a bad thing but simply the price she will pay for burying her brother. This fearlessness in her makes it so she can confidently make the decision that she does, excepting the fact that it will result to her death. Not only does Antigone decide her fate by burying her brother but she also chooses when and how she dies. Creon had planned to kill her anyway, but with her own free will she pursues her death in the fashion that she so chooses. Antigone hangs herself with the red and gold cord of her robe. Her decision to do this is her own free will. Antigone could have ignored this option and let her fate control how she dies, by either being stoned, or perhaps Creon deciding to set her free. We will never know what Antigone’s fate would have been if she did not kill herself, she deprived us of what could have happened by making her own rash decision. Antigone believes she has the right to live the way she wants, she is controlling her fate by deciding how she dies. A contrasting example comes from the book A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich. The main character Ivan does not have free will. Ivan was charged with being a German spy and therefore sentenced to 10 years in the Gulag. Ivan knows he is not a German spy, however he has no control over his sentencing and is forced to serve the 10 years. Ivan no longer controls how he lives, he lives by a strict life style created by the guards of the camp. â€Å"In camp the squad leader is everything: a good one will give you a second life; a bad one will put you in your coffin.† (pg. 36). This quote illustrates how much Ivan and other prisoners lives are determined for them. He says that your squad leader determines weather or not you live. In these camps life were cruel not only because of harsh conditions but the fact that others determined your fate, whether you lived or died. Theses prisoners have very little control over their own life, they no longer worry about simple decisions, the concerns of the prisoners is who will be the one to decide their fate. Even though, the prisoners destiny is pre-determined based upon the harsh circumstances they are forced to live by, they can still make small unnoticeable decisions to maintain sanity in their life. These small choices they make are their free will. For instance, Ivan takes his hat off every time he eats a meal despite the fact that it is below freezing. Ivan has always removes his hat before eating long before he was sentenced to the Gulag, he feels he must continue this tradition as a sign of respect. Ivan is making this small decision on his own in a place that is filled with decisions that are made for you. Ivan wants to keep the little dignity he has left and by doing so he takes off his hat when he eats. This represents that no matter how confined a human is they will still find ways to pursue their own lifestyle. Ivan find this morally just to take off his hat when he eats, he is making that decision based off of free will. Because he makes this decision it greatly affects Ivan’s attitude towards things, because this small tradtion shows he has taken a piece of his ordinary life and continued that practice in somewhere as horrible as the Gulag. Ivan’s free will is to be able to take his hat off when eating. Finally, this essay shows how in the play Antigone and the book A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, both of the main characters in these two pieces of literature find ways to control their fate. In Antigones case she bury’s her brother, for she believes that it is her moral responsibility. Ivan takes control over his free will by taking off his hat when he eats. Antigone’s fate is determined by her free will to defy Creon. Ivan is not in control of his own fate, therefore he must find small ways to remain in control as much as possible of his life.

Mean Creek- Important Idea

Explain an important idea in a text you have studied. Explain why you found it interesting. Discuss visual and verbal techniques in your answer. In the film Mean Creek directed by Jacob Aaron Estes, the important idea of loss of innocence is very interesting as it tells the story and shows us how quickly things can change. The director shows us this through the way the characters change during the burial of George, the word â€Å"snap† written in a tree and the guilt felt by Millie and Sam. Firstly I found the important idea of loss of innocence interesting during the burial of George as this is when they lose their innocence.When they decide to bury Georges body the character all lose what innocence they had left. This is shown as everyone help besides Millie who doesn’t want to have a part in it. At this moment the director uses a combination of dark lighting and close up shots of Millie’s partially hidden face in the shadows of the trees to show how dark and l ost Millie has become since the death of George. She is hiding from the truth and wants to act like nothing is going to change. The director also uses a slow sad chelo during this scene as lament like, it is a metaphor for the death of Millie’s and everyone else’s innocence.Millie is already starting to feel guilty as she earlier in the film stated â€Å"go ahead Clyde start the game†. This shows she does not feel innocent at all but does not want to admit it. When Millie is by herself instead of helping with the burial a foley effect is used as she stabs a snail followed by sudden silence. This was Millie’s was to let at all her frustration and anger on the events that have occurred and her own actions which contributed in Georges death. This scene helps makes the important idea interesting as it is the moment when they all lose their innocence.Secondly I found the important idea interesting through the way Millie carved the word â€Å"snap† into a tree. At the start of the film when Millie and Sam are innocently talking about what George did to Sam, Millie says â€Å"If you could snap your fingers and he would drop dead in his tracks would you? A wide shot is used to show George sitting down by himself, this shows how lonely he is and makes us actually feel sympathy towards him. This is followed by silence which shows how Sam doesn’t want to hurt George. This emphasises the innocence of Sam as he did not wish to do anything which could result in the death of George.This Quote foreshadows the death of George. As a viewer tension builds u as we wait the events that link to the death. After the death of George, Millie engraves the word â€Å"Snap† into a tree. This is significant as it shows how life can change as fast as the snap of the fingers. A foley effect is used on the scratching of the knife on the tree to show Millie’s anger and how she feels they have not only turned flipped there life upside do wn but they took a life and destroyed Georges relatives lives. The foley effect turns your attention the Millie as the viewer anticipates what she is writing . e now see how just 24 hours before they were all living a normal happy life but now they are emotionally distort and stumped for a conclusion of what to do. The word snap makes the important idea of loss of innocence interesting as it shows how fast they have totally lost their innocence. Lastly loss of innocence is seen as interesting as Millie and Sam come out and talk about what has happened. When Sam goes to Millie’s room we notice a great change in her personality and feelings. Millie is no longer a bright happy person as we now see her as a frightened little girl.The director uses dark lighting and a wide shot to shows as Millie steering into the mirror. When Millie is steering into the mirror it is silent as she looks frustrated and confused as if she thinks her appearance should have change but everything looks the same as if nothing has happened. When Sam talks to Millie a combination of dark lighting and close up shots of Millie’s half hidden face in the darkness of her bedroom show us how miserable she looks as she is hiding from the truth and is in denial of the fact that their life has changed. What do you want†, â€Å"I was just there† shows us how Millie does not want to accept the truth as well as the consequences of her actions but knows she can not live with all the guilt. Millie was trying to act like she feels innocent but the remorseful ton in her voice suggests otherwise. Sam and Millie know they are not innocent as the guilt inside them grows and makes them wonder if keeping George’s death a secret is the best thing to do. When we become doctors and lawyers and all that what do you think it will be like? † The director follows this question with silence to show how they both think telling the truth and accepting the consequences will be best . This makes us feel sorry for them and it is as if some of their innocence has come back to them as we are reminded of the fact that they are still children when they talk about their future and that they have â€Å"come to a decision† of telling the truth which is what they wanted in the first place.In conclusion I found the important idea of loss of innocence very interesting as the director takes as on a roller-coaster of feelings as kids make the biggest decision of their lives. With the burial of George, the word â€Å"Snap† and the guilt felt by Sam and Millie the children’s innocence is lost but they regain some as they come to the correct conclusion. The interesting idea of loss of innocence shows us how fast some of the most innocent people feel guilty and how people can unintentionally lose their innocence in a matter of minutes.

Demand and Price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and Price - Essay Example The other consumers of corn have to resort to other alternatives that are relatively cheaper in the market. Biofuels are a product from corn and oilseeds; thus, the producers of biofuels have to substitute the input of the two raw materials for the optimization of profits. Thus, the producer faces the choices to incur a higher cost of production, reduce the output or increase the consumption of oilseed for production. The crop farmer benefits from higher returns and responds by increasing the production of corn (Dalton, 2009). The vertical axis shows the input of oilseed while the horizontal shows the corn input. The aim of the producing company is to maximize profit (Dalton, 2009). The point R we have the isocost line meeting with the isoquant. This combination of corn and oilseed will yield the company maximum output minimizing on cost which is the objective of the company. An increase in the demand of biofuels will mean that the company has to move to a higher output level. This w ill need an increase in the inputs, which are corn and oil seed. How developments in agricultural and conversion technology might influence the impacts identified in above The developments in agriculture aimed at production of more corn will lead to increase the supply of corn in the market. The increase in supply is likely to cause a decrease in the price of corn. However, with the advancing technologies of conversion coming into operation a wider range of materials will be usable for production of bio fuels (Bhamra et al., 2010). This will further, ease the burden of bio fuels production on corn. The price of corn would establish a new equilibrium with the demand that now will be. DI indicates the demand of corn. Pe and Qe show the equilibrium price and quantity. The production of biofuel using corn as a raw material causes an increase in the demand of corn, thus the demand curve shift shown by the arrows (Dalton, 2009). Consider the result below. The demand for more biofuels stim ulates a higher demand for corn (Gupta & Ayhan, 2010). The demand curve shifts to D2 and a new equilibrium at the point J. The effects of increased competition between participants in the market on the impacts identified above. The competition will result to a higher demand of corn. The crop farmers will expand production in order to feed the new market. This will mean changes in the farming practices and patterns. These changes necessitate farmers to use irrigation. The use of irrigation will cause a strain on water resources available. There will be a need to expand to potion of land used in corn cultivation yet limited space provides a challenge. The crop farmers will start cultivating of marginal lands, which are highly erodible (Gupta & Ayhan, 2010). The farmers will intensify the use of chemical inputs to increase crop yield. This will negatively affect the soil. This is because the increased use of fertilizers will lead to contamination of runoff and nutrient leaching. Howeve r, the level of damage will depend on management practices employed by farmers. Increase the level of cultivation may lead to high levels of erosion. This will further, affect the quality of water in the region. These damages will be presenting the problems of environment sustainability (Gupta & Ayhan, 2010). Cultivation of marginal lands and expansion of land under crop production is a threat to wildlife resources. The cultivation leads to destruction and clearing of vegetation,

NBA and NFL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NBA and NFL - Essay Example A 17 weeks long season is run by the NFL starting from the week after the Labor Day to the week before Christmas. Each team in the league is allowed to have 53 players and only 46 of them are allowed to be active on the day of the game. Major differences exist between the NBA and NFL. First of all let’s start from the business perspective where the NFL is considered to be more profitable than the NBA. Although this may not seem important but it does give NBA’s owner some leverage. This may not make sense at first, however it is true. As the NFL is so successful, both the owners and the players may be missing huge profits, on missing every second season. However the NBA’s owner may not suffer much because the league is less profitable than NFL. Next is that the NBA’s player make more money than the NFL’s players. The calculated NBA’s player is 2.5 times more than the NFL’s player salary. This indicates that the NBA’s players are more desperate in getting their deals done, as they’ll me losing more money with every missed paycheck. When we combinethis leverage with the previous one, it seems that the owners are desperate to do anything for getting the dea l done for which the players sometimes need to make some major concessions. This is the reason why the NBA’s owner uses small tactics for ensuring their security in new NBA. There is no doubt about the fact that the average attendance of the matches of top five NBA’s team is 20,000 which is much more than the average attendance of NFL’s matches, around 4,000. This is the main reason that why the salaries of the NBA’s player is much more than NFL’s players. In fact the salaries of two average players at NBA may account for the salaries of all the NFL’s players. Another reason is that NBA is played in USA, therefore it grasp the attention of a much larger audience. Whereas, NBL is played in Australia; therefore its attendance are

Writer's choose Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writer's choose - Research Paper Example He had been expelled from two schools before he finally joined his elder brother in Art Students League, where they became Thomas Hart Benton’s students. Jackson was not highly influenced by Benton’s theme of the American countryside and instead relied mostly on his dynamic style of painting and his sense of freedom (Potter 43). Jackson also struggled with alcoholism to an extent that he had to attend physiotherapy classes. In 1945, he married an American painter, Lee Krasner, and they moved together to the Springs area in East Hampton. They bought a house and a barn. Jackson then converted the barn into a studio, and it is in that room where he produced some of his greatest works. He continued practicing the drip painting technique to a point that the Time magazine dubbed him as â€Å"Jackson the Dripper† (Engelmann 72). His career was cut short on August 11, 1956, when he had an accident when driving in an intoxicated state. He succumbed to severe injuries and died the same day. In 1943, Jackson painted a mural on a canvas for Peggy Guggenheim on the floor to make it easily portable. One art critic, Marcel Duchamp, saw the mural and wrote: â€Å"I took one look at it and I thought, ‘Now that’s great art’ and I knew Jackson was the greatest painter this country had produced† (Landau 40). It is said that most of his paintings expressed Jungian concepts and archetypes. Historians say that his work might have had bipolar disorder meaning that it was hard for someone to understand exactly what Jackson Pollock had in mind when making a certain painting. David Alfaro Siqueiros, a Mexican muralist, is the man who introduced Jackson to the use of liquid in 1936. Some of the most famous paintings by Jackson are the Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I. He preferred to use household paintings, adding that they were much better compared to artist’s paints because they represented â€Å"a natural growth out of a need† (Potter

Cinematography Attributes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cinematography Attributes - Assignment Example This scene shows a close up of the character. This is done to make the character appear more personal. Since this is an indoor shot, the light appears only from one angle, which is supposed to represent the window. The composition of the scene makes it instantly recognizable as an office scene. The formal attire, the office chair, and the wooden furniture send out a clear signal of an office setting. In this scene, the two actors are involved in an intimate scene. In order to strengthen this feeling of intimacy, the lights are induced from behind which casts the figures in shadows and brings out their silhouette. This is a medium shot where viewers are able to see beyond the character’s portraits. In this scene, the figures stand in the middle of the composition which makes them the center figure of attention. In this scene, the character stands slightly off center. Furthermore, the figure is cast in shadows. The scene is brighter on the left side where the Christmas lights are being lit. The right side of the character’s profile is set in shadow because there is no source of light on the right.

Biogeography of bottlenosed dolphins Research Paper

Biogeography of bottlenosed dolphins - Research Paper Example The large brain size and the vocal learning on one hand are the cause of the organism being a major attraction and a source of amusement, and on the other hand render it vulnerable to noise and chemical pollution resulting from anthropogenic activity. The conservation strategies directed at habitat preservation of the organism are recommended. BIOGEOGRAPHY OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS INTRODUCTION Bottlenose dolphins belong to the order Cetacea, the term derived from Greek word ketos meaning whale. The order includes large aquatic mammals with forelimbs modified into flippers, a horizontally flattened tail, lacking hind limbs and with one or two nostrils. The order includes the suborders Odontoceti (toothed whales) and Mysticeti (baleen whales). Most Dolphins are included in the family Delphinidae, belonging to suborder Odontoceti, including the bottlenose Dolphin or genus Tursiops. The genera Tursiops (derived from Latin word Tursio meaning Dolphin or Dolphin like), has been further class ified to include two species on the basis of biochemical and genetic studies: common bottlenose dolphin or T. truncatus and the Indopacific bottlenose dolphin or T. aduncus (Rice, 18). ... The biogeography of an organism provides significant information regarding its evolutionary history and adaptation. Thus biogeography can be considered to include the spatial as well as temporal distribution of an organism. The common bottlenose dolphin T.trucatus enjoys worldwide distribution including tropical and temperate, inshore, coastal, shelf and oceanic areas (Reynolds et al., 12), except the polar region, northward of 45?, though they do occurs far as 62?N7?W in northern Europe. Found rarely in Baltic Sea and vagrant in Newfoundland and Norway, the species is present is as yet uncertain in other areas. The author aims to present in the current paper an account of the biogeography of the common bottlenose dolphin or T. truncatus; along with the evolutionary history of the organism on the basis of fossil records and the threat to conservation programs for the organism specially those relating to its biogeography. BIOGEOGRAPHY Figure 1 The major distribution areas of common bo ttlenose dolphin (figure 1) include the western margins of North Atlantic where the coastal forms occur within a distance of 5km from the land and in bays and estuaries (Mead and Potter, 165). The offshore forms occur within 200-2000m range along the shelf break in regions north and north east to Georges bank (Kenney, 369); and in the Scotian shelf; with the distribution of the two forms overlapping in some zones. The coastal forms are prevalent throughout the year continuously along the North Carolina to Texas (Mead and Potter, 165). In southeastern US they also occur as communities exhibiting specific association patterns and individual home ranges. In the eastern Pacific region, T. truncatus occurs in the

Ajax Minerals and the Problems at Perrier case study Assignment

Ajax Minerals and the Problems at Perrier case study - Assignment Example The leadership team at Ajax Minerals wanted a change in the operational activities as they were planning for future activities. They were concerned about the challenges they have to face  in the near future from their competitors. In order to continue their operations easily, they required certain changes without which  the future of Ajax Minerals was  considered  to be in danger. The supervisors and workers did not foresee any such threats which the leadership considered dangerous. All of  the labor force at Ajax Minerals was poorly managed, and there has always been poor management and labor relation. The employees (labor) always considered that any meeting held would result in redundancy or cut-offs. The laborers resist to change because of their past experiences (Hall & Hord, 2014). The main reason of resistance to change at Ajax is because of the lack of coordination between the management and the lack of job security. The laborers have always resisted to change because of such reasons and at this moment they had the same perception about the change which the leadership team wanted to implement. The leadership team at Ajax was aware of the reaction of the employees and tried to deal with this situation opposite to the customary manner (Hiatt & Creasey, 2003). Before implying any changes, the management team and the supervisors interacted and discussed the changes. This policy was never opted in the past, but they considered it important as it was the only way to implement the changes. In the meetings, the managers discussed the problems that the company was expected to face and even asked for their advice. The managers at the company also used an open book approach through which all the employees gained access to the financial performance of the company. The above two strategies were opted by the managers at Ajax to avoid resistance to change by the employees (Hall & Hord, 2014). In every organization,

Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Software Design - Essay Example is the procedure by which a developer creates a specification of a software objects, anticipated to accomplish objectives, using a set of available components and theme to constraints (Budgen 2003). The Design recognizes the how of the system. It comprises tradeoff analysis based on system requirements. Design quality concerns attributes applicable to ensure sustainability of the system. The attributes analyzed in this paper are concerned with the sustainability of the design. Quality features are similarly applicable to function-based and object-based designs (Rosenblatt 2014). The attributes includes cohesion, adaptability, coupling, understandability and traceability. Cohesion is an assessment of how adequately a component interface within the system. A component should execute a single consistent entity or utility. This attribute is a desirable design constituent attribute as when an alteration has to be completed. It is restricted in a distinct cohesive component. There are a number of levels of cohesion that have been identified; though, not necessary for this paper. This design attributes is not well illustrated (Page-Jones 1999). Experts have encountered a challenge in classifying this attribute as a design component. Inheriting attributes within the design component from super classes makes cohesion as a design attribute weak. In system design, component can be understood when the super-classes also the component are examined. Coupling is a measure of stability or strength of inter-connection among systems components. When it is loosely done then, the component alterations are unlikely to affect other components. Control information or shared variables exchange lead to tight coupling. Loose coupling is achievable when state decentralization (as in objects) is executed and component interfacing through parameters or message passing (Tsui et al. 2014). Coupling allows for inheritance of classes thus facilitate ease of usage as a design attribute in

Answering Poems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answering Poems - Assignment Example The oldest wood arises from a forest that has not faced exposure to deforestation for a long time hence chances that the wood has survived for a long time. It’s also important to note that the age of the wood significantly define the maturity and strength of the product. Interpretation of this in the world of humanity, incriminating evidence indicates that the depth of knowledge in an individual highly defines the identity of a person although this takes time to build. Frost enumerates the various significance of tree in the society. In his poem â€Å"A Young Birch" the value of tree widely play a significant role in defining life of man and other animals virtually depending on it (Tuten, et al,391). The tree has medicinal values to the society and although it takes time to nurture, it has inexhaustible application. Actions of people in the society highly influence the fate of the trees although some mutual relationship exists between both sides. The value of the trees relies on nature of care accorded to the tree and the length of time spared for nurturing to maturity. The beautiful serene environment and scene created by these trees is aesthetic. Uses of trees virtually find a place all over the daily life and various activities of man in as much as taking care of it may sound tedious and discouraging. Once taken care of and harvested, trees have unlimited use in the society. Critical analysis of the values of tree leaves no doubt that they remain complementary to each other. It remains a fact that wood finds use in any surrounding of man in terms of the items made from it. The bed, furniture, books and other essential products virtually come from wood and constitute the better part of human life. The poets express the unending value of trees which spread over the life of man for a long time. Just like the invaluable nature of knowledge in the life of an individual, survival of human being basically remain anchored on

The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts Essay Example for Free

The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts Essay Congress’s goal with respect to American Indians has always been at cross purposes and requires a delicate balancing act. The drive to preserve Indian heritage and the drive to assimilate or civilize the native American represent the conflicting interests Congress attempts to balance. This most obvious in the area of criminal law where congress has to apply the Federal laws which may often times conflict with tribal laws. Vincent Milani’s article The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts: tribal sovereignty and congressional control provides some valuable insight into the efforts made by congress in reconciling these conflicting interests and their consequences for the enforcement of criminal laws on native American lands. Milani takes a concise look at tribal history and the manner in which the indigenous American native resolved disputes. The author contrasts this approach against the steps taken by Congress to establish a criminal justice system in the United States that is both equitable and respectful of fundamental human rights. Milani also takes the time to demonstrate how preservation of tribal culture and customs together with the right to self-determination have been preserved as well as compromised to assimilate the native Americans within the Federal system of justice. Milani explains the difficulties for Congress in achieving these conflicting goals. The primary problem arises out of age old tribal traditions of resolving their disputes in a manner which is primarily contrary to the Constitutional mandates for a fair and public trial. (Milani, 1994) Milani writes: â€Å"Historically, these methods have varied greatly among the tribes and they have contrasted significantly with the federal judicial system in the United States.† (Milani, 1994) To start with Milani notes that tribal justice involved different cultures with different approaches to conflict management. For instance, tribes were â€Å"governed by tribal councils† or they were â€Å"controlled by military soldier or hunter regimes† who were duty bound to manage conflicts. (Milani, 1994) Other tribes were permitted to allow their â€Å"priests, prophets, religious elders† as well as â€Å"wise men† to act as peace makers. (Milani, 1994) Even family or clan members could resolve disputes and in some circumstances a â€Å"legal authority† comprised of law men could resolve come issues. (Milani, 1994) Milani offers this background information as a means of demonstrating the difficulties for Congress in preserving cultural heritage within the native American lands and reconciling that goal with comity within the Federal system. Complicating matters the Indians did not subscribe to a uniform type of criminal justice until late into the 19th century when the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) founded the Courts of Indian Offences (CFR). (Milani, 1994) The CFR was established in response to the Federal Government’s plans for: â€Å"assimilation, and their purpose was to promote acculturation on the reservations to help ‘civilize’ the Indians.† (Milani, 1994) The problem for law enforcement is in recognizing and respecting the jurisdiction of tribal courts and laws which are distinct from Federal law and outside of its jurisdiction. (Milani, 1994) Making matters worse was the implementation of the Indian Reorganization Act 1934 which represented a â€Å"major shift in Federal policy from assimilation to self-determination.† (Milane, 1994) The result was a placement of more authority in tribal rule and less authority in the BIA and a means by which tribal courts could legitimately replace the CFR system. (Milani, 1994) This is significant since the tribal judiciary are accountable to the tribal courts allowing tribes to establish their own criminal justice system. Milani points out that today Indian reservations contain close to 150 tribal courts as opposed to just 9 CFRs. (Milani, 1994) In understanding and appreciating the limited jurisdiction of law enforcement within native American lands it is necessary to understand the jurisdiction of tribal courts and criminal law. Milani’s explanation is rather insightful and informative. Tribal courts have retained a procedure and practice that essentially mirrors the historic dispute resolution mechanism which distinguishes it from the formalities of the State and Federal system of justice. (Milani, 1994) Moreover, the Federal government indorses this practice by providing for statutory funding of tribal courts under the Indian Tribal Justice Act 1993. (Milani, 1994) In the final analysis, Indians have sustained â€Å"inherent powers of limited sovereignty which has never been extinguished.† (Milani, 1994) By this method of organization the tribal courts exercise jurisdiction â€Å"over crimes committed on tribal lands by one† native over another. (Milani, 1994) However, major crimes fall under Federal laws although the penalties are limited in respect of native American convictions. (Milani, 1994) Be that as it may, the tribal courts will not have jurisdiction over crimes committed in tribal territories by â€Å"non-Indians.† (Milani, 1994) The greatest difficulty for law enforcement is the establishing jurisdiction over crimes allegedly committed in tribal territory. To start with it is necessary to determine whether or not the crime was committed by a non-Indian. This would necessarily involve a taxing background search which would consume time and money. In the end, should the suspect be determined to have been Indian time and money would have been thrown away at great expense to the criminal justice system. In this way, Milani’s article is of great interest to those who advocate against delayed justice. It is therefore entirely unnecessary to permit such disparaging application of criminal laws within a criminal justice jurisdiction. The most viable solution would be the introduction of a blanket jurisdiction as in state and county boundaries. Given Congress’ desire to preserve Indian culture and to implement some measure of criminal accountability it should adapt a different course. For instance, if a crime is committed within tribal jurisdiction, unless it violates Federal law, it should be for the jurisdiction of that tribe whether or not the suspect is Indian. Bibliography Milani, Vincent. (1994) â€Å"The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts: tribal sovereignty and congressional control.† American Criminal Law Review Vol. 31, 1279-1299

Sustainable tourism and Destination Management in Business

Sustainable tourism and Destination Management in Business The term sustainable is used for a tourism which does not affect or damage the destinations tours economy, environment and the tradition culture. Therefore the prime purpose of sustainable tourism is to do everything they can in order to that tourism remain positive experience of people of tourism destination together with tourist alike. Marcel Proust has write about tourism that there are many people who want to see the entire world with their own pair of eyes but the real journey would be when they will try and see the one single place but with the eyes of hundreds of people. Tourist can make their holidays exciting and enjoyable together with making sure that sustainability requirement of tourist destination by looking for and following diversity and promotion of sustainability when selecting tourism destination. The following are the few basic criteria given by an organization called global sustainable tourism group Demonstrate effective sustainable management Maximize social and economic benefits to the local community and minimize negative impacts. Maximize benefits to cultural heritage and minimize negative impacts. Maximize benefits to the environment and minimize negative impacts The name Disneyland is very well known as being a resort for the holidays and recreational activities. It is located in the Marne-la-Vallà ©e, which is a comparatively a new town can be found with in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. The exact location of Disneyland is about 20mile or 32 kilometres always from the Paris centre and located in the commune of Chessy, Seine-et-Marne. The Disneyland of Paris, France is made up of two theme parks, seven wonderful cosy comfortable hotels owned by Disney with one retail, dining and entertainment district. Disney land was in operation since the year 1992 and is first Disney resort which is located not inside into the United States. The estimated figures show that the number of visitors to both Disneyland Park and Walt Disney studio part were about 15 million in 2009 and that makes it most visited place in Europe. The key fact relate with how the creation of Disneyland in Paris affect tourism revenue for France. The total visitor who tour France some 4.8% visited Disneyland as part of their trip Disneyland has attracted around 0.2 billion people since its inception. 1/3 of our foreign visitors combine a visit to the Resort and to Paris In 2008, 6.43% of foreign tourist spending in France was generated by foreign visitors at the Resort 5th largest hotel  accommodation capacity in France  (after Paris, Lourdes, Lyon and Nice): over 8,000 hotel rooms and apartments  in vacation residences (5,800 in Disney Hotels) 71% of  all room-nights sold  in the Seine-et-Marne department and 10.11%  for the Ile-de-France region Frances leading integrated business tourism venue: 2 convention centres host 1,000 business events every year in more than 23,500 sqm dedicated to seminars and conventions Disney Village, the leading urban leisure centre in Ile-de-France (after Paris). Sustainability, including identification and actions to correct any areas of un-sustainability. The history of Disneyland from the creation of it shows that this project was result of public and private partnership which leads to creation of one of the leading destination for tourism. Together with Disneyland, a new town with name of Val d Europe. Both projected took almost thirty long years and used a land 1943 hectares. There is an ongoing partnership within the framework of a decision-making triangle, associating the French Government, Euro Disney and local authorities including  the Ile-de-France Regional council, the Seine-et-Marne Departmental Council and the Val dEurope New Town Association (SAN) which encompasses five municipalities (Bailly-Romainvilliers, Chessy, Coupvray, Magny-le-Hongre and Serris). the development of Disney started when Walt Disney company had identified the location for their European resort in Marne-la-Valle which was a relatively newly develop town in France but the company estimate that due to it central location it will attract a market of large number of people because of ease accessibility which is estimate at around 310 million potential visitor. But the government of France want it in lle-de-France due to number of reason such tax revenue, employment etc and most importantly they wanted to sustain environment and therefore during the implementation of this project every possible step is taken in order to not only follow the norms but to protect environment (not only the natural environment but the preservation of demographic characteristic, structure of the building and employment issues etc were also part of it) and therefore make project more sustainable from its very inception. The Disneyland resort project were conducted in the environment where regulation were high and that make this project more sustainable as the most common problem with deregulation is that sustainability issues went into background. This environment of high social regulation is the basic characteristic of french deregulation model as France were not yet ready to follow free market and privatization as way of controlling and monitoring and governing the industries. The company is now in discussion with France government for further development of resort which will ensure the well being of population in that of part of the France together with improving investment in sustaining environment. The company is very well committed to sustainability of its resort and therefore have got very detail plan in order the resort as prime sustainable tourist destination which not only limited to Europe but the whole world and therefore companys approach towards sustainable environment, improving quality of life of its employee and local community in which it operate and especially company promote children and families in particular and make the resort number one choice for every child and environmentally conscious families who are looking for the best but sustainable tourist place. The company is involve in number of project whose main emphasis is on the fulfilment of needs children and families and make special donation and participate in charitable activities related with children and arts. The major factors which make Disneyland resort a renown in name sustainable tourist destination is its commitment towards maintaining a sustainable environment but Disneyland Paris doesnt stop it here but together with involving and donating generously to charities dream world improving lives of thousands of people if not million of people through creation of employment, contribute in economic growth by purchasing local material and products, hire services of local community for various initiatives, with all of these Disneyland Paris contribute in national tax revenue. In order to promote and sustain the development of local community through education and learning as company hire people and provide them necessary training and together with that Disneyland Paris support those employees who improve the local community and has system of Cast Member in place through the company ensure that people got training from company become active citizen of their communities and help those people who desperately need help. Disneyland Paris has created a separate department named as community relations department in order look after the community in which it operates. There is another program which is named as Disney Volunteers program in which company sponsor the voluntary actions of employees. Since its beginning Disneyland Paris has special focus on environmental impact of its activities and taking environmental stewardship is its legacy and company has taken some real steps towards making environmental steward a part of its culture and consideration to environmental impact of its policies and decisions as automatic and embed process and part of the Disneyland culture. How the destination has been and is being managed to achieve sustainability Regarding environmental impact Disneyland Paris has recently publicize its environmental goal which will result in better management of the impact of its activities and decision on environment and will also inspire the visitors to promote sustainability. The basic approach which Disneyland resort has followed in past and will continue to do so in future is based on effective use of and conservation of water, energy and ecosystem together reducing substantially the carbon emission, reducing the waste. Disney land has announce in 2006 that it would increasing its renewable energy as of energy with at least 15% of its total energy requirement will be from renewable source which will have positive on environment . Disneyland has taken solid and concrete step towards implementation of recycle bin across the resort and in that connection since last year 2008, there were twenty new recycle bin were put in place across the Walt Disney Studio park thats another step in right direction by Disneyland, shows that Disneyland resort is fully committed to the sustainability objectives and is taking steps towards reduce its carbon footprint in order to protect environment. Another example of Disneylands solid commitment towards improving the environment and sustain the climate is the use fully certified plastic bags which are made up of 80% of recycle material which is very encouraging step and is protecting and environment climate alike while these plastic bag are truly certified from an independent agency that is recognized for environmental labelling in Europe. Disneyland has collected waste weighted around ten tonnes since 2008, as it is fully committed towards making Disneyland a sustainable tourism destination and environmentally responsible company. Disneyland has one of the effective and efficient strategies towards reducing its energy requirement through effective and efficient use of existing energy resource, one of these strategies is installation of motion detectors across the 139 banglows which can automatically control lighting and therefore will save the energy and reduce the environmental footprints of Disneyland resort. Together with the motion detectors there is water conserving showers as a replacement for bath tubs which are very effective reducing the wastage of water. These bath tubs were installed in combination with tin roof, picture window walls which make sure the natural light comes in. Disneyland but the story is not finish here as Disney land has taken further step towards reducing wastage of water by installing 185 hand dryers which are made up of high technology but the good things is that they take 80 % less energy than traditional hand dryers in order to preserve the climate and reduce energy use while these hand dryers will also reduce the wastage paper towels which is another positive step from Disneyland in order to make it a real sustainable tourism destination. Like any other resort water is very important for Disneyland as it has very crucial role to play in Disneyland magic and experience and thats why is one of the areas of sustainability and environmental protection on which Disneyland has taken concrete steps and make the prime efforts to use water resource as efficiently as possible and Disneyland hope to achieve this through onsite environmental management system operate by control team which ensure the consumption of water reduced and it work by helping the maintenance people to perform effective control over the consumption of water. The Disney company is world wide known for following an aggressive policy to achieve sustainability and as matter of fact company installed a new synthetic skating rink which replace its ice rink and this development will result in efficient usage of water resource together with energy and most importantly it will avoid the ise refrigent fluid which is not environmentally best option. Disland has installed Rockefeller Plaza skating ring which will result in reduction in wastage of water as it will be permanently iceless and therefore that makes it the largest open air rinks in the entire Europe. Disneyland Paris is fully aware of the threat climate change poses and therefore did every possible efforts to reduce its environmental footprints and in consistent with this strategy the Disneyland is considering taking a bold step by introducing a commuter plan which will make sure that car use is minimize as much as possible and will result optimization of travel regarding business, the project is estimate to take five more years. In order to take immediate steps Disneyland has encourage staff on less usage of car by offering them exciting incentives, an example of is availability of scheme which encourage Cast Members towards the usage of public transport instead of personal vehicle by offering them incentive of paying 65% of cost of travel by company. Currently some 28% of total Cast members are availing this opportunity and using public transport therefore saving the carbon emission. Another program implemented by Disneyland is regarding the carpooling which is already launched and Disneyland considering expanding this program, due to effective of this program towards the goal of sustainable environment. This statement is proved through discussing the various plans and strategies Disneyland Paris have taken in above paragraphs. The company has another program with the name of Green which is program design to raise awareness across the globe and through which Disneyland give sufficient powers to its Cast Members in order to make them able to reduce their environmental impact and as result of this program Disneyland has reduce the use of bottled water by around 60% by creation of 335 water fountains backstage, a significant number of (almost over thirteen hundred) cardboard across the resort are recycled and they are replace with cardboard compactors and not only this but there were less usage of paper by an estimated of 8% were also result of this program and by the way the paper used is 100% recycled with duly certified. Conclusion: Disneyland is an environmental responsible and sustainable company which not always adhere to follow minimum requirement but take critical step necessary in order to achieve sustainability across all the boundaries. Disneyland Paris has always show itself as a leader in order to achieve sustainable development and implement sustainable policies and is firmly dedicated to create an internal working environment which safe and sustainable. Disneyland Paris has invested significant resource in developing and implementation effective and efficient training and development program for its Cast Members to make this step a example for other companies to follow in order the a sustainable and environmentally aware society. Disney land support its Cast Member through offering various option together with providing them all the require tool and technique in order make them live a life which is healthier. The number of people applying to become Cast Member in Disneyland shows that the company is putting significant resource in its program and Show Companys commitment towards suitability. Disneyland is truly a sustainable tourist destination with all the policies in place and implemented effectively in order to make it ensure that environment is protected and green house gas emission are reduce and together with other objective Disneyland is fully committed towards improving the lives of its employees and community through taking various initiative.

Sustainable Tourism And Destination Management Management Essay

Sustainable Tourism And Destination Management Management Essay Despite of difficult economic circumstances, tourism industry is still growing especially after a long period economies began to show recovery from the recession. This growth in tourism industry show a figure of 3% to 6% of growth where this range depends on destinations. But there are some negative aspect of tourism which must be taken into account, as the tourism industry growing rapidly, the affect of this growth can be felt on the remaining biologically habitats which are very diverse together with the traditional culture of some of some place where tourism is often very well perceived and supported . Sustainable tourism is an advance form of tourism industry which ensures that environment and local culture must not be affected by the tourism and kept in their original shape as far as possible but together with this sustainable tourism industry understand the role of tourism as means to provide employment to number of people and its role in economic growth. The concept of sustainable tourism mustnt be confused with eco tourism which is different than sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism ensure that sustainable development lead to leaving an overall positive impact on everyone whether its tourism, tourism organization or local residents. I have chosen Brighton Hove, one of prime tourist spot in United Kingdom, as a sustainable city as it was ranked as most sustainable city in UK twice by forum of the future based on number of criteria such as Environmental Impact as name suggest, criteria for assessment were regarding pollution level and effective use of resource. Quality of Life standard of human life in terms availability of education, health etc Future-Proofing the commitment of city towards a more sustainable future through addressing the key issues of changes in climate, preservation of biodiversity and recycling. Brighton Hove was judged second for future-proofing and third for quality of life. Currently valued at over  £407m, the Tourism Economy has to grow in real terms to help the City and its residents benefit. But with nearly 60% of that money coming from just 17% of our visitors, we have to be focussed and targeted on attracting visitors that truly benefit the local area. How the destination has been planned and developed to achieve sustainability, including identification and actions to correct any areas of un-sustainability. The sustainable development in brighten based on basic framework develop by sustainable development commission known as one future different path sustainable development framework which is based five principles of sustainable development. Living within environmental limits Ensuring a strong, healthy and just society Achieving a sustainable economy Using sound science responsibly Promoting good governance The major initiatives to make Brighton a sustainable city for tourism especially regarding protecting environment were taken by the council of brighten by implementing sustainable environmental management system in order to comply and fully to the international standard organization ISO 4001 and BS 9010. There were several projects on achieving sustainability objective were taken in the past and or currently taken by council of Brighton to achieve sustainability in Brighton Hove as it will start with the creation of Sustainable development commission with its framework providing basic guide to achieve sustaibilitity. The areas which are more important to achieve sustainability include the use of thirteen indicators by friends of future to evaluate the British cities in terms of sustainability. Reducing our carbon emissions: The council of Brighton Hove is firmly committed to reduce common emission in the city of Brighton and provide a leadership to its people, businesses in order to reach at a destination of being known as a city of low carbon emission and in order to achieve this very important goal the citys council which run management of city entered into a partnership (known as carbon trusts local authority carbon management programme.) following the development of its comprehensive action plan known as 2006 climate change action plan. This council has firm commitment to reduce its carbon emission by an estimate average of at least 4% in each year to achieve its target of reducing it by 20% till the year 2012. The councils carbon footprint: The carbon footprint measures the emission of carbon from those buildings, vehicle and electricity usage such as street lights which are in under the direct control of the Brighton Hove council. The council of Brighton sign a 10:10 campaign which makes it necessary for council to reduce carbon emission by further 10% together with its five years plan of reducing emission up to 20%. This possible reduction was achieved through a number of factors such as achieving more efficient use of energy together creating an environment across the city which is aware of drawback of high carbon emission etc. Climate change program: The  Nottingham Declaration on Climate Change which shows the council attitude and commitment towards the climate was duly sign by Brighton Hove council in 2004. And with the signing of this declaration the Brighton Hove council prepare a plan to address the key root cause for the change climate. Council contribute in this national program which address the key issue of climate change with the help of its people together with making effective plan to reduce the emissions in each and every area which encourage the local population to reduce their own emission through following the minor changes in operations. Environmental education: The council of Brighton Hoves has not restricted itself on putting itself in a position by a being a sustainable tourist city now but they have invested heavily on making efforts to make Brighton Hove a long term sustainable city and therefore the strategies followed by council include the include the environmental education as key part of its overall sustainable strategy. Fair trade: The fair trade is based on concept that people who are producing some products such as tea are living in extreme poverty because these products are sold without considering any steps to improve the poverty level in these areas and therefore those organization which promote fair trade and committed to its objectives are basically agreeing on payment of price which not only the give and satisfy the producing countrys basic need and cost but also paying an extra money which will be used for the betterment of the lives and working conditions of people employed by producer. The Fair-trade organizations buying the products agree to pay a fair price that covers producers basic needs, costs of production, and is guaranteed to be more than the world price, with the extra money used by workers to improve their living and working conditions. Under the objective of achieving fair trade in brighten and hove, the council of Brighton Hove made five goals which are made up of following elements. First stage is recognition of fair trade as issue together with commitment from management individual parts of city represented by their councilors to promote, support fair trade by passing a resolutions in council and include other provision such as present of products from fair trade organization in the local grocery shops or other related business establishment while work places should promote the fair trade products by using them in their workplace And a campaign to catch the attention of people on promotions of these product through media and other channels. Above all the commitment to continue maintaining status of fair trade city by provision of group which look after fair trade policies and their compliance Brighton Hove has recognized as fair-trade city in the year of 2004 which shows the citys commitment through adaption and implementation of policies which promote sustainability in the city. Food strategy: An partnership know as Brighton Hove food partnership was formed by the council in the year of 2003 with taking people from city including representatives from community group, key organization in order to improve the process of growing food, transporting together with buying and access to food and related problems are addressed. Plastic bags: Though plastic are not legally banned but Brighton Hove council understand the importance of having restricted use of these plastic bags in order to achieve more sustainable environment and therefore have encourage its people and business on not using of plastic but instead using alternatives. The policies adapted by brighten to reduce the negative environmental impact of tourism by encouraging sustainability through following above policies. Though brighten and hove is ranked as number sustainable city of United Kingdom in 2009 but still the city have very bad ecological footprint however the city has shown improvement in the ecological footprint by reducing it 8.5% but still it need more hard work as Brighton is ranked on 15th position by forum for the future in its environmental foot print. But the charity which issues this ranking is now fully acknowledging the fact that council of brighten and hove is moving in the right direction and improving its ecological foot print specifically and its environmental foot print in general to achieve an improved ranking in this regard as well. How the destination has been and is being managed to achieve sustainability. Brighton Hove, as the matter of the fact ranked as most sustainable city in United Kingdom which shows that council and management of the city is fully aware of the issues regarding sustainability and taking active measure to improve sustainability with all regards in the city of brighten and hove. The city has taken a number steps in order to improve sustainability in past and also continuously working in order to improve sustainability future as well. The city entered into 10:10 campaign by which it show its commitment of reducing its carbon emission and in order to achieve that council have made an comprehensive plan on strategy for management of carbon and its implementation in the year of 2007 which is five year plan contain information of current carbon footprint of the city council and its strategy on carbon management and include a number of projects which are design to achieve an aim of reducing carbon emission. Though the brighten has improve its environmental impact in recent years such as improving its air quality together with improving its food measures etc but its performance on quality of life and future proofing were the key area of sustainability where council of Brighton Hove have done significantly in past years and which are recognize by forum for the future but there are other areas where management of city of Brighton Hove i. e council is taking serious step in order to improve its performance are regarding the environmental impact and few of the development occurring in this area are briefly define in previous paragraphs includes investment in environmental education etc. There are number of issues which can be considering under the umbrella of environmental education includes some of the following: Creating a awareness among public on each minor issues which together make a long term impact and make a city unsustainable include for example litter awareness as one of the example under which council have tried to convince people on how litter can affect the wildlife and other peoples health and safety together with an information on amount of money council has to incur in order get rid of this other policies regarding environmental education are based on creating awareness on anti vandalism, waste management and promotion of recycling, initiating trend to promote use of products which are environment friendly. If we assess the current environmental performance of Brighton Hove it can be seen that though the council of city has perform well in terms of achieving sustainability but there are other areas where the need for improvement is genuinely felt. During the year the waste collection per head was improved and reaches up to level which can be said as good. But brighten and hove council is currently not up to the desire level in terms of air and water quality where there is need for improvement is felt by council and subsequently responded and hopefully on next year there would be scores for Brighton Hooves. Brighten and hoves council have an effective sustainability policy on public transport, park providing green space for residents, all for necessities for a healthy life expectancy of its residents and opportunities for residents to high quality education. The council of Brighton and hove have firm commitment towards improvement of its carbon emission and have taken step towards reduction of negative impact on climate together with providing more green space to its people and promote and preserve biodiversity and encourage business to go more green. The priority for the council of Brighton Hove in order to achieve and make Brighton Hove as most sustainable tourist destination are focus on implementing a sustainable transport system, efficient use of resource and protection of environment and together with achieving economic growth and promote Brighton Hove as prime tourist place in the United Kingdom. The goal for brighten and hove city set the council would be achieve through implementing above policies and ensuring that the council achieve its important strategic goals and contribute its share in the UK sustainable development strategy. The south east of UK is the most affluent region and the fact brighten and hove as a city lies in that region is evident from the fact that brighten and hove have achieve significant success in maintaining quality of life but Brighton Hove council understand need to take much steps towards improving its environmental impact and also improving its bio diversity together with supporting green business. Brighten being a wealthier city share the trend together with two other cities of being more concern and therefore taken some practical steps towards achieving sustainability as a city. This trend can be seen from the fact that green party has taken majority of votes 22% in 2005 general election from Brighton which is its best ever performance. Conclusion: Brighton Hove is a city of UK which has consistently proven itself to be real sustainable tourist city through its planning and sustainable development policies but still there are area where Brighton Hove council have to work in order to make themselves less carbon emission city and not only these efforts will raise more revenue from tourist but these measures ensure that Brighton Hove is best place to live for its residents. Although we can the commitment of top leaders of Brighton Hove council towards making serious efforts in order to improve the environmental effect and make Brighton a sustainable city in the world not only in United Kingdom but the management of council need to understand and face the key challenge of translating these future aims and goal regarding sustainability into meaningful and achievable with measureable targets and make strategies which are fully focused on achieving these short targets. The leaders at Brighton Hove council should provide leadershi p in order to achieve long sustainable objectives. Bibliography and reference: Carder, Timothy (1990). The Encyclopedia of Brighton. S.127 East Sussex County Libraries Mawer, A. and F.M. Stenton, The Place-Names of Sussex, Part II, Cambridge 1930, p. 291. Climate Change Action Plan for Brighton Hove (December 2006) Brighton Hove council CITY OF BRIGHTON HOVE 2008/2018: A REFRESHED STRATEGY FOR THE VISITOR ECONOMY. Brighton Hove council The sustainable cities index, 2009 : ranking the largest 20 British cities. Forum for the future 2009 CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: LESSONS AND EXPERIENCES FROM ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Available at http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1175554 (Last Access 10th August 2010)

Essay example --

Hey Teacher, leave recess alone! In her Huffington Post blog article titled Here’s One Way to Wreck a Child’s Education: Take Away Recess, Haley Krischer takes an emboldened stand against the practice of eliminating recess; which is often done as a punishment or to make more time for instructional learning. I stand in agreement with Krischer. I do not agree with schools taking away recess for any reason with the exception of dangerous weather or environmental circumstances. Yet, research indicates how common the 86-ing of recess is occurring in schools. A study by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2010) revealed 77% of school Principals reported taking away recess as a punishment, and 81.5% of schools allow students to be excluded from recess. Krischer begins the article by introducing her 9 year old son and his affinity for recess: â€Å"the only subject he will talk about†. She gives examples of how recess benefits her son such as other students who help him troubleshoot technology issues and challenging him to improve his sports skills. Indeed, the unstructured playtime allows children to explore their environment and develop new ideas and understandings of it and those within it (American Pediatric Association, 2013). Kischer also expressed that children need active play to combat restlessness and that this is especially important for children who may suffer from ADHD, noting that taking away recess as a punishment for misbehavior may be counterproductive and result in increased behavioral problems. A longitudinal study that followed over 10,000 students between the ages of 8 and 9 concluded that student recess of at least 15 minutes resulted in better behavior as rated by teachers (Samuels, 2009). Case studies of boys with at... ...er, H. Here's One Way to Wreck a Child's Education: Take Away Recess . 2013. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hayley-krischer/heres-one-way-to-wreck-a-childs-education-take-away-recess_b_4149596.html National Organization for Sport and Physical Education (2006). POSITION STATEMENT. Retrieved from http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/standards/upload/recess-for-elementary-school-students-2006.pdf Ridgeway,A., Northup, J., Pellegrin, A.,LaRue, R., & Hightshoe, A. (2003). Effects of Recess on the Classroom Behavior of Children With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(3), 253. Robert Johnson Wood Foundation (2010). State of Play. Retrieved from FENTON communications website: http://www.playworks.org/sites/default/files/d6/StateOfPlayFeb2010.pdf Samuels, C. A. (2009). RECESS AND BEHAVIOR. Education Week, 28(20), 4.

Male Reactions to Female Power in Antigone Essay -- Literary Analysis

Western society has a long history of subjugating women to men. Some cite the idea that women are somehow weaker or inferior to men as a reason for the existence of this social dynamic. In Sophocles's Antigone and, Dürrenmatt's The Visit, however, the female leads show great strength and are even able to threaten the male leads with their power. Creon and Alfred Ill's disdainful and oppressive treatment of women stems not from the supposed inferiority of women, but from the theme that man is afraid to lose control. This theme is developed through particular events in the plot: the men begin in positions of power, which are then threatened by the women. Their amateur reactions to the powerful women cause them to lose more control until in the end, they have nothing. Their redemption comes not through defeating the women, but through accepting responsibility for their own actions. To begin with, Creon and Ill have power socially and politically. Creon is the King of Thebes and Ill is the â€Å"most popular personality† (Dürrenmatt 15) of Guellen. Sophocles and Dürrenmatt set the stage by implying that their current situation will last–– â€Å"the gods† (Sophocles 170) themselves appoint Creon as king and the people of Guellen unanimously â€Å"[agree] to nominate† (Dürrenmatt 15) Ill as the mayor's successor. Furthermore, foreshadowing of their actions towards Antigone and Claire appears as approval. The elders of Thebes assure Creon that he has power over the â€Å"living and the dead† (Sophocles 172), justifying his actions towards Polyneices's body and empowering his punishment of Antigone. Ill, on the other hand, represents Guellen's last chance for survival. â€Å"All depends† (Dürrenmatt 14) on Ill's ability to capitalize on his and Claire's ... ...no reason to continue mistreating Antigone and Claire. A series of events catalyzed by powerful women and ending with a tragic loss for the male leads of The Visit and Antigone reveals a reason for the mistreatment of women in western society. Dürrenmatt and Sophocles show that the oppression of women stems from man's fear of losing control. By identifying this fear, the authors underscore the importance of treating women as equals, as the decision of the male leads to blame the women rather than to accept responsibility for their actions is what causes their downfall. Works Cited Dürrenmatt, Friedrich. The Visit: a Tragi-comedy. Trans. Patrick Bowles. New York: Grove, 1982. Sophocles. The Oedipus Plays of Sophocles; Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone. Trans. Paul Roche. New York: New American Library, 1958.

Sigmund Freud and Everyday Use :: Everyday Use essays

Sigmund Freud and Everyday Use Sigmund Freud is best known for his development and use of psychoanalysis. The theory of psychoanalysis focuses on the concept of how our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and emotions play an active role in our daily lives. The id, ego, and superego are the three mental zones that encompass our psyche. Each zone has a specific function: The id functions on the pleasure principle; the ego on the protection of the individual; and the superego on protection of society. The degree of which each zone has been developed can be broken down and then analyzed. These three zones can be visualized by imagining a pie cut into three slices. Every individual is composed of different amounts of each mental zone. The ultimate goal is to achieve the perfect balance of the three areas by understanding how each area works alone and contributes to make the whole. In the short story "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker, Dee's actions are clearly attributed to her over and under development in specific mental zones. Dee, rather Wangero as she prefers being called, suffers from an overdeveloped id, a distorted sense of ego, and an underdeveloped superego. With this degree of pull and tug, misunderstandings are a common experience between Dee (Wangero) and her peers. The id is the main energy source for the psyche. The id " '...knows no values, no good and evil, no morality' " (HCAL 130); it functions on instinctual motives. Dee (Wangero) possesses a straightforward, rather blunt, disposition about life. Life is hers for the taking and she dares anything to stand in her way. She takes on the attitude that the world was created to satisfy her. Since the world gave her books to read, she expected the world to listen to her read; because the world giving her clothing options to choose from, she expected the world to respect her choices; in changing her name, she expected the world to honor this change. Her id was overdeveloped because she acted on instinctual sources rather than moral for her decisions. The overdeveloped id frequently appears when the self-centered, self-serving side of her become more prominent than her outward orientated, selfless side.

South Korean Pest

Moreover, President Lee is a strong devotee of free trade agreements (Fats) between foreign countries, and South Korea now has Fats with the European Union, the united States of America, and the SEAN countries. The current president Implemented new legislation to make South Korea more attractive for foreign investors. It will, for example, lower corporate tax rates and reduce administrative restrictions on business operations and investment. Furthermore, South Korea has a number of incentives to make foreign investment more at-attractive. These incentives are: Tax support, Cash grant, Site location support, and other sup-port. A.Tax support When foreign companies meet certain requirements, Income and corporate tax from earned Income, business Income, dividend Income, technology payments and custom du-titles on capital goods can be either reduced or be subject to dispensation In accordance with the Restriction of Special Taxation Act. B. Cash grant When a foreign investor meets certai n criteria, local and/or national government can offer a cash grant when the investor wants to build a new plant for example. These criteria are e. G. The creation of jobs, the location of the new plant, if the investment intervenes with lo-cal investment etc. C. Site locationSouth Korea provides so called Free Investment Zones (Fizz). These are to attract foreign Investors/companies. There are two types of Fizz: Complex and Individual. The complex type Is for small and medium sized firm wear as the individual type Is for large corpora-tools with large Investments. The requirements are to be found In the appendices. When a foreign company purchases or leases a piece of land or real-estate owned by the gob-ornament of South Korea, the company can apply for reduction or dispensation of the rental payment. However, the company must meet certain criteria. These are also to be found in the appendices.

Health Benefits of Martial Arts Essay

The major goal of the alcohol beverage industry is to sell alcohol, through advertising. In 2008 the alcohol beverage spent $1. 63 billion on their advertisement budget which is less than half of what one thinks’ of as advertising which the means are TV, magazines, newspapers, and outdoor billboards. Other forms of advertisements are termed â€Å"promotions† which include but not limited to: sponsorship of cultural, musical and sporting events, internet advertising, displays for retail stores, and product placements in movies and TV shows. The total promotion and advertising budget is over $4. billion which is virtually equivalent to what is spent on advertising other beverages from milk to fruit juice. The alcohol beverage industry especially targets the youth by using animation characters, product placement, and social media. The alcohol beverage industry uses animation characters such as the Budweiser frogs, new beverages for example wine coolers that were appealing to the younger people in the 1980’s. Product placement is carefully considered. Magazines and television shows reveals detailed information regarding viewers and readers that allows advertisers to target very specific populations. In response to lobbyists and the fear of government action, in 2003 the liquor and beer trade organizations joined the wine industry in adopting a â€Å"30% threshold† to guide the placement of beverage ads. This means they would not advertise where the underage audience exceeds 30%. The magazine ads decreased as the television ads increased. Also the 20 major brewers did not adopt this 30% policy. Since the social media is so popular among the under age drinkers, the alcohol beverage company has many advertisements and promotion on Facebook. The alcohol beverage industries have been encouraged to use free features on Facebook such as Facebook applications, events and pages. In the summer of 2009, there were 93 Facebook pages, with more than a million fans for the top-selling beer brands. The top ten selling liquor brands had three times that. One alcohol beverage company has created a special corporate position devoted to using Twitter and other social media to promote and another has decided to devote its entire advertising budget for one of its brands to digital sources. A report in 2003 reported that underage drinking represents 19. 2% of alcohol consumption out of the total 50. 52 billion drinks then consumed annually. One area of concern in the substance abuse field is the constant creation of beverages that appeal to younger people. Women, minority and developing countries are also a target for the alcohol beverage. The advertisements that include women are seen to be sexist and they portray men in the stereotypes of male behavior that contribute to sexual harassment. The alcohol beverage industry is also trying to maintain profits by increasing foreign sales even brewing companies are starting to brew overseas which raises an ethical question. It may seem to be a sort of a counterbalance of the alcohol industry’s efforts to have its product appear on television by promoting responsible drinking, but a young person would have to watch 22 ads for an alcoholic beverage before seeing a commercial promoting responsible drinking. (Jean Kinney 18-25) What inspired you to choose this topic? I was inspired to choose the topic of alcohol advertising because it is everywhere. There is not a day that goes by that I don’t see some type of alcohol advertisement from a billboard, a grocery store display of alcohol, or a television ad. I am amazed by the efforts of how the alcohol industry spends their money to attract new customers. When I look at some new alcoholic beverage that is introduced, I may say to myself,†Wow, that looks good, I wonder what that would taste like. † I don’t consider trying it because I am a recovering addict. It shows that there needs to be more regulation of the advertisements of alcoholic beverages. Also being a professional in the field of drugs and alcohol, the ways of coping with alcohol advertisement being everywhere needs to be addressed in a client/patient’s treatment plan. How will you apply this information when developing a treatment plan? I will apply all this information when developing a treatment plan by discussing and processing with my client how to cope with the environmental cues that may cause a trigger to pick up a drink. Since advertisement of alcohol is everywhere, my patient/or client needs to learn how to live a sober life without feeling they missed out on some new beverage that is being introduced. Also I may process and discuss with my client that if there is a particular place that they have bought their alcohol to avoid and shop elsewhere for their groceries. There is no way to escape the advertisement of alcohol unless one lives an isolated, sheltered life. I cannot expect any patient of mine to live like that, so they must learn to cope in the world without being triggered to drink by the clever promotional campaigns that the alcohol industry promotes there beverages to entice new drinkers or even for people to switch from their loyal brands or to encourage underage drinking.

Discuss the various perceptions of love in Shakespeare’s Essay

William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. When it was written, Shakespeare was quite young, 31, already five years into his career. Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne at the time, and many of the characteristics of Elizabethan lifestyle are included within the play. In the Elizabethan times, it was not unusual for people to get married and have children young. In the play Lady Capulet says, â€Å"By my count, I was your mother much upon these years,† to Juliet, who appears to be about 12 years old. She is telling Juliet that she was already a mother at Juliet’s age, implying she should be getting ready to marry now. Women were also not considered of much importance in those days. They were not as ‘important’ as men, and just used for sex, which plays a big part in the topic of conversation between characters throughout the play. Women/girls also had to obey their fathers until they got married, and then obey their husbands when they did get married. It was a very male dominant era. Romeo and Juliet is partly a comedy, tragedy and history. It is a tragedy obviously because of all the death in it. It is a comedy because of the irony and contrast the characters raise, and also because of the humour some characters like Mercutio and the Nurse bring into the play. It is a history as well because of the fact it was written a long time ago, and has historical contents in it. There is a great deal of love and passion in this play, but not all the same. Different characters have different perceptions of love, and different passions. The play is also as much about hate as it is about love, which is a very important element. Shakespeare puts emphasis on themes such as the relationship of love and hate and old and young. This is what I will be analysing in the essay. The play tells the story of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet; the children of two rival families living in Verona, who fall in love and get married without their families knowing. The hatred felt by their families leads to the death of five people. Two of who are Romeo and Juliet, the star-crossed lovers who die because they want to be together but cant be. It shows the young as they struggle to escape from the morass of hatred created by their elders. The ancient family feud makes Romeo and Juliet’s union even more significant as they both hate each other’s families, but manage to overcome it when they meet each other. This play represents ‘true love’ because it shows pure hatred turn into pure love. Romeo and Juliet went against everything they were brought up with and gave up their lives to be together. Romeo is a very passionate person when we first meet him, and his passion stays throughout the play. We do learn however, that Romeo is very impulsive, and acts on this impulsive streak very often, and it leads him to do some stupid things, which I will show further on in the essay. The first reference to love in the play is in the opening scene where we meet Sampson and Gregory (two Capulet servants). They are both very vulgar and crude characters and show this straight away when they are talking about the Montague women. In lines 17-20, Sampson says, â€Å"Tis true, and therefore women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall. Therefore I will push Montague’s men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. † This is where the punning becomes sexual. He is implying that he will assault the Montague maids against the wall. Later on in lines 27-28, he says, â€Å"Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads- take it in what sense thou wilt. † Here he is saying that he will either chop off the heads of the Montague maids, or rape them, depending on what he feels like. Their behaviour shows that they do not actually think of love itself, and only think of sex. They view women as mere objects to serve their pleasure. They are not the only bawdy characters in the play to have this perception of women and love thought. In act two, scene one (lines 34-38); Mercutio is making fun of Romeo’s talk of love for Rosaline. He talks about a ‘Medlar tree’, and describes sex as a ‘Medlar fruit’. He is saying that Romeo really wishes Rosalie were a Medlar fruit, even though he says he loves her, all he really wants is sex. This is probably because this is all Mercutio sees love as. The Nurse is another one of these characters. She constantly talks about the physical side of marriage. To her, love is merely about sex and having babies. For Sampson, Gregory, Mercutio and the Nurse, love is something non-emotional, and they have obviously never experienced love like Romeo and Juliet’s. Love for Romeo and Juliet is very emotionally bonded, and they cannot live without each other. This however does not mean there is no physical element to their relationship. Romeo and Juliet eagerly look forward to the physical side. This can be seen in act three, scene two, lines 1-30, where Juliet is looking forward to her wedding night, or her â€Å"love-performing night. † But even this is altered by their love into something of which Mercutio, the Nurse and the servants know nothing of. In act one, scene one, Romeo’s parents show parental love when they are concerned about him. The first evidence to show they care about Romeo is in lines 118-119, where Lady Montague says, â€Å"Right glad I am he (Romeo) was not at this fray,† meaning she was glad that Romeo was not involved in the fight that had just happened. In lines 133-144, Montague talks about Romeo’s worrying behaviour. He says that he is always crying, distances himself from everyone else, and shuts out light, making himself â€Å"an artificial night†. Montague is obviously worried about his son’s behaviour, and asks Benvolio if he could talk to Romeo because he does not understand him. This doesn’t mean however, that he does not care how Romeo feels, but he evidently does. It just shows the contrast between young and old. The first time we meet Romeo, he seems very sad and down (in the exact state his father describes him to be in). he is sad because he is ‘in love’. For Romeo, being in love (at this stage in the play) is a very painful, negative thing, especially because here there is a situation of unrequited love. However, by studying Romeo’s language in this scene, I believe that he is not in love with ‘Rosaline’, but infact in love with the idea of love itself. The fact that he does not say Rosaline’s name once, but talks about being in love, shows that the she is irrelevant. Romeo’s doting over Rosaline is introduced to show the difference between love and infatuation. He talks about love as a painful situation to be in, as shown in lines 195-196, â€Å"A madness most discreet, a choking gall, and a preserving sweet. † This changes drastically though, when he meets Juliet. From the second he sees Juliet (in act one scene five); you can see he has changed. He suddenly speaks in a more positive tone, with more positive views on Juliet not just of love. â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright. † Romeo is referring to Juliet as an actual person, whereas before he was talking about being in love (supposedly with Rosaline), but never refers to her as a person. On meeting Juliet he experiences ‘love at first sight’. He goes on to say, â€Å"For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night†. This shows that he has forgotten about Rosaline already, almost like she never existed. Romeo constantly compares Juliet to a saint throughout the play, â€Å"O then dear saint. † He has made Juliet out to be the most important person (to him), in the matter of minutes. In their first meeting, Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet (lines 94-107). This immediately shows the connection of love and harmony that exists between them. In the sonnet, love as a religion seems to be the key subject, and Romeo talks about it so passionately. He refers to Juliet as a â€Å"holy shrine†, and his lips â€Å"Two blushing pilgrims†. By studying Romeo’s language here, and that of which he used when we first met him, you can see that his feelings have gone from being self-centred, self deceiving and essentially negative, to less self-centred, genuine and sincere passion, positively approached when he meets Juliet. The love between Romeo and Juliet is different from any other in the play, because both share the same view on love. It is so strong that they fought through everything to be together and when they weren’t they felt empty and sad. No one else in the play shows love for anything this deep. The words Romeo and Juliet use when flirting with each other emphasise their love for one another. They use words to do with the body â€Å"lips, hands, palms†, religion â€Å"pilgrims, saints, prayer, devotion and holy† then they put both ideas together, â€Å"holy palmers’ kiss† and â€Å"saints lips†. Romeo is trying to ‘woo’ Juliet with romantic gestures. In line 139 Juliet says, â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate! † Two types of love are at conflict here for Juliet. Romantic love (for Romeo) and love for her family, (because she was brought up to hate the Montague’s). This saddens her. There is another type of love in the play – parental and familial love, the love between parents and their children. We do not learn much about the Montague parents, but we do see a great deal of the Capulet parents. At first when we see Capulet talking to Paris, he is saying Juliet is his only daughter and she means a lot to him, so he does not want her to marry as young as she is. However, this changes completely by Act 3, scene 4 when he shrewdly decides to marry off his daughter to Paris and arranges the wedding. In Act 1, scene 3, Lady Capulet has a talk with Juliet about marriage (to Paris). She does not seem to care much about Juliet’s opinion, but more than she does later on. This is where we see her first selfish streak, and realise that their mother-daughter relationship is not a very close one. It is not until Act 3, scene 5 we see the Capulets completely fail their daughter, when they force an arranged marriage onto her. This is a striking scene, where Lady Capulet wishes Juliet was dead after she says that she does not want to marry Paris â€Å"I would the fool were married to her grave†. Capulet is even more heartless in this scene. He completely loses his temper with Juliet, and threatens to throw her out and disown her is she does not marry Paris. The love of the Capulets’ for their daughter is so possessive and domineering, that when she doesn’t do as they wish, it turns into utter cruelty and really makes you question whether they love Juliet or not. Her parents want to force her into a loveless marriage because they obviously do not consider love to be at all important in a marriage, and also because they think they know what is best for Juliet and that she is theirs to treat however they like â€Å"An you be mine I’ll give you to my friend; An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, for by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee,† (line 192-194). This also shows the contrast between young and old – the old don’t understand the young. Lord and Lady Capulet actually show more love for Juliet when they find her supposedly dead, but even this is selfish love as they are more worried about how they are going to live without her. This shows just how superficial their love for Juliet is. Other characters that act as surrogate parents for Romeo and Juliet and the Nurse and Friar Lawrence. The Nurse nursed Juliet as a baby, and has practically brought her up. The Friar is someone who both lovers turn to for advise. Romeo goes to the Friar when he wants to marry Juliet. The Friar and the Nurse acted as messengers between Romeo and Juliet. They showed great support and parental love towards Romeo and Juliet when they got married, but even this was partially superficial. At the end of Act 3, scene 5, just after the big argument between Capulet and Juliet, the Nurse is trying to comfort a distraught Juliet, but instead she fails her miserably. When Juliet asks the Nurse what she thinks she should do, the Nurse surprises her by saying that she might as well marry Paris because Romeo has been banished and they can no longer be together. She thinks that love (marriage) is no more than having sex and having babies, then to her Paris would make just a good husband as Romeo would. She does not understand the depth of emotion involved in true love, and Juliet is very upset by this because she thought that the Nurse understood how she felt. After this conversation, Juliet goes to the Friar for advice (Act 4, scene 1). The Friar helps her a great deal, and you think he really understands Romeo and Juliet, but he in turn fails Juliet in Act 5, scene 3. When Juliet wakes up and find Romeo dead she wants to spend more time with him, but the Friar insists that they leave when he hear people coming their way, â€Å"Come I’ll dispose of thee among a sisterhood of holy nuns†. The Friar’s inadequacy in this crisis is shown by this ironic suggestion. He is fine until now to help the lovers be together, but when it comes to him nearly being caught out, he just tries to run away from the situation. This shows his selfishness, and the fact he does not understand the lovers’ affections and intentions to be together always. In this play of overflowing love and passion we are introduced to a character very different from all the others – Paris. Paris is an altogether good man, who is genuinely in love with Juliet and is the only one genuinely upset when she dies. Here there is another situation of unrequited love for Juliet from Paris. He is quite an innocent character caught up in the Capulet family’s complications and does not think there is anything wrong with the arranged marriage. He does not actually speak to Juliet until they meet in the Friar’s cell in Act 4, scene 1, and the marriage is arranged through Capulet. He is very thoughtful towards Juliet’s feelings, and in lines 6 and 7, he says he has not talked to her about ‘love’ (the marriage), because she has been weeping and is very sad about Tybalt’s death, but thinks that by getting married she will be happy again. Another character apart from Romeo and Juliet who is also driven by great passions and love is Tybalt. Tybalt shows the greatest passion for hate. In Act 1, scene 1 he says, â€Å"what, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, and all Montague’s and thee†. He is a very passionate character who also shows a tremendous amount of familial love, because he is prepared to fight and in turn die for his family. Mercutio is also another one of these characters. Although he is neither Capulet nor Montague, he shows a great amount of love of friendship towards Romeo and the Montague’s he dies whilst duelling against Tybalt for them. In his â€Å"Queen Mab† he lets his tongue run away with him because he is talking passionately about something (love) that he doesn’t believe in. The mood in the scenes in which we see Romeo and Juliet together, contrast with the atmosphere of most the other scenes in the play, because of their feelings for each other. They are the two main characters who are star-crossed lovers, so obviously their scenes are going to be much more romantic and intense with passion for love than any other. Their scenes are also more calmer, relaxed and create a pleasant, positive atmosphere, whereas the rest are mainly to do with the family feud or other less positive things (such as the arranged marriage). In the balcony scene (Act 2, scene 2), you can tell that they both see their love as more important than any ancient family feud. In lines 66-69, Romeo speaks of how â€Å"stony limits cannot hold love out†, meaning that even high walls are no challenge for love and that nothing can stop them from sharing their love. By the end of the play Romeo and Juliet have changed quite a bit. Romeo went from being almost in a state of depression, to this fiery most positive character. However the same impulsive streak he has at the beginning is still there right till the very end when he acts on his impulse and decides to drink the poison not knowing the facts of Juliet’s ‘death’. Juliet was quite childish at the beginning of the play, because she does exactly what she was told by her parents. You could say that both character stayed childish right till the end, because of the way they hid everything from most people because they were too scared to come out. You could also say though that they grew up, matured a lot and became more independent because they disobeyed their parents and found a way to be together practically by themselves (even though the Nurse and the Friar knew, they did not understand Romeo and Juliet properly). I also think that by spending their first night together, Romeo and Juliet matured more as they cemented their love. They both made huge sacrifices for each other, making their love even truer, and even though they both died in the end, Romeo died after kissing Juliet, and Juliet died after kissing Romeo. Just before Romeo takes his poison, he says, â€Å"here’s to my love! † and just before Juliet stabs herself she says â€Å"Oh happy dagger! † This shows they didn’t mind dying as long as they were able to be together. Also in the play, the actions for the older members, affect the younger members a lot. Because of them, Mercutio, Tybalt, Paris and Romeo and Juliet all die. This is what makes Romeo and Juliet such an immense tragedy. Now I have shown the various perceptions of love in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, I will now pick out two contrasting scenes I have discussed and explain how I would stage them to show their differences. The two scenes I have chosen are, act 1, scene 1, with Sampson and Gregory (lines 11-27), and act 1, scene 5, where Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time (lines 94-107). Sampson and Gregory are two very crude characters, and this has to be shown by not only their performances, but also their surroundings. The actors should wear green or khaki colours, with their swords hanging from a belt on their sides. This makes them look like they are army soldiers, who are ready to fight at any moment. They would have stubble showing, and walk as if they had something heavy on their shoulders, which makes them look ‘rough’, and rude. I would have them talk very loud, almost shouting, as if they owned the place, inconsiderate to other peoples’ feelings and are boosting about what they are saying. The lighting should be a bold green when Sampson says, â€Å"A dog of that house shall move me to stand. † Green is quite a hard, ‘sick’ looking colour, which will emphasise their foul minds. They should walk side-by-side, in the middle, and people should walk on the very edges (of the stage) to look as if they are trying to stay away from them. When they talk about the Montague maids and pushing them against the wall, one of them should pretend he is going to push a woman passing by into the wall, and then they both laugh about it. Romeo and Juliet’s first meeting is very special. In lines 94-107 they share a sonnet, so this should be a very romantic scene. Juliet should be dancing with someone else, then they all switch partners, and Romeo hurries to be hers. Until they start dancing with each other, there should be other people all around the room (on the stage), but as soon as Romeo says his first line, â€Å"If I profane†¦ † they should all move into the background, the music (at the party) should die slowly into a soft beat. Romeo and Juliet will dance in he middle, up-stage, and this will show the audience who they should be looking at and listening to. The lighting would hover from a calm yellow, to subtle orange, then to a soft red, then eventually to a light pink. These colours remind me of a beautiful sunset, and also romance, so I think it will work well because of the softness. They should go behind a pillar on the right side of the stage to kiss to show they are hiding it from everyone else. Romeo should wear a mask all throughout, and pull it off just before they kiss, and they should both look into each other’s eyes the whole time. This will show that they do not care about each other’s bodies. Both would be in their party outfits- Juliet’s should be in a long cream or white dress to show her purity, with red flowers or embroidery on it, also wearing red lipstick. Romeo’s outfit should be a red or maroon velvet material, with a yellow belt and silver mask. This will make him look like a ‘prince’, and the red worn by both characters, emphasises the ‘red’ associated with romance. They should speak softly to each other, and when they speak it should not be as if this is their first meeting, but as if they have known each other for a lifetime. This will show the special connection they have straight away.