Definite, Indefinite, and Partitive Articles Quiz

Book Review an Inconvenient Truth - 1464 Words

Book Review An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It By Al Gore Rodale Press, 2006. 328 pp. ISBN: 1-59486-567-1, $28.95 While the issue of climate change has been given worldwide attention since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, it has never been profoundly realized as impending or of great concern until publication of the book An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore, former vice president and former Democratic candidate for president of the United States. Beyond his prominent political identity, Al Gore is a longtime advocate of environmental protection who organized the first Congressional hearings on global warming in the late 1970s. In his first book, Earth in the Balance, he started†¦show more content†¦With humor, he compares their behavior to tobacco companies that have used propaganda techniques to deny the adverse effects of smoking. He quotes Upton Sinclair to satirize the behavior of the front groups and their sponsors: â€Å"It’s very hard to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on him not understanding it.† In his book, Gore unreservedly denounces the Bush administration. He argues that, with â€Å"100 percent agreement† among scientists, 57% of newspaper and magazine articles still question the fact of global warming. This figure, he explains, is the result of disinformation supplied by the Bush government, aiming to ignore environmental issues in order to obtain more economic profit. Gore is an effective lecturer who succeeds in arousing the readers’ fear and attention on the issue of environmental crisis. He provides the public an inside look at the relationship between human welfare and the ecological system. His persuasive presentation, however, conveys the message that there is no need to despair, because â€Å"we can do something about this† and we have the ability to solve this problem. He writes, â€Å"Each of us can become part of the solution: in the decisions we make on what we buy, the amount of electricity we use, the cars we drive and how we live our lives.† He adds that with humanShow MoreRelatedHum -102 - Week 1 - Humanities Today Paper871 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Humanities allows us to look at the past, the past will allow us to see what our future holds. This paper will examine how the study of humanities is differentiated between other modes of expression. The paper will also review examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, literature and film that reflect current socio-economics, technology and politics. Humanities Defined The study of humanity provides insight into how humans have developed culturally. The insight that art,Read MoreGreen Marketing - a Research Proposal3353 Words   |  14 PagesOrganisations on Green Marketing. Mieke van Kaam a research proposal – 22 April 2012 Table of Contents 1. Background 3 2. Problem statement 3 3. Research objectives 4 4. The scope and limitations of the proposed research 4 5. Literature review 6 5.1. Green fever –A load of Greenwash or not. 6 5.2. How green can you go? 7 5.3. Lets collaborate! 7 5.4. Consumer evolution 8 6. Research plan 9 6.1. Description of research subjects and design 9 6.2. Sampling plan 9 6.3. InstrumentsRead MoreThe Elephant Vanishes by Murakami752 Words   |  3 Pages I hadn’t read any book by Murakami before reading The Elephant Vanishes. With this said I knew that in opening my mind to his, I’d be introduced to new ideas, thoughts, and opinions. Keeping in mind that The Elephant Vanishes has been translated from the originally stocked Japanese, instead of addressing language, it would be more interesting to review characters, themes/motifs/plots, and realism. Many would argue that a story cannot exist while not made with human characters. The charactersRead More100 Heartbeats1395 Words   |  6 PagesAJM MCHS Young Scientists’ Club Science Book Report Louise Montenegro 24 III-13 December 5, 2012 100 Heartbeats The Race to Save Earth’s Most Endangered Species Introduction Title: 100 Heartbeats Author: Jeff Corwin Credentials: Jeff Corwin has been working for wildlifeRead MorePersonal Reflection : The Way A Person Is Treated985 Words   |  4 Pagesperson is treated is based upon what they look like, what gender they are, what their social class is, and what they act as, these certain truths are what makes a person and in turn what a person makes of themselves. Following this I can say my certain truths that were placed on me are the fact that I am a white, female, and straight as well as saying the truths I made myself are the fact that I am cisgendered, (I’m also middle class as of now but that is somewhat a mix of the two). Those facts unpackRead MoreThe Monk Who Sold His Ferrari Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook review: The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari Author: Robin Sharma ABSTRACT This inspiring fable gives an approach to living with greater courage, balance, abundance and joy. The Monk who sold his Ferrari tells the story of Julian Mantle, a highly advantageous lawyer who has it all; fancy house, private jet, Private Island and every other good thing he wanted. He experienced heart attack which he hardly survived, hence was asked by his doctor to make a decision between securing his active law professionRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1474 Words   |  6 Pagesquite an impact on the surroundings. As a result, individuals started to become aware of the effects of pollution. A phenomenon, known as â€Å"smog† became an often daily occurrence in big, urbanized cites across the globe. Also, Al Gore’s book, An Inconvenient Truth, popularized the issue of climate change and global warming as a result of the damage that the modern world has done to the atmosphere. He noted that people resist the facts about climate change due to the inconven ience of changing theirRead MoreElectronic Payment Social Commerce Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesservices or overnight stay. However the loyalty points can also be sent to the customer’s phone as a virtual token that can be redeemed appropriately. Mobile payment – The GH website can also be optimized for mobile devices to enable customers search, book and pay from their mobile. In addition they can also partner with the prevalent mobile money provider in the region where they have the most customers, so that mobile money can be accepted as a means of payment for the unbanked in that region. â€Æ' 3Read MoreQuestions On Human Induced Climate Change1604 Words   |  7 Pagesproposition on focusing on other factors rather than cutting greenhouse gases, or even Epstein’s article on how governments much push to create more incentives, other academics who are highly referred to in there field have reviewed these articles. As they review their peers articles they are imprinting their name on it, and if a unreliable article if published they lose credibility which affects ones reputation as an academic. Nonetheless, as these topics have a very specific approach in which it communicatesRead MoreEssay on Three Portrayals of Climate Change2090 Words   |  9 Pagesartists use a variety of techniques to influence how we take in what they are telling us. By creative artists I mean writers, directors, and performers, and more specifically I refer to those involved in the works The Day After Tomorrow (DAT), An Inconvenient Truth (AIT), and Field Notes from a Catastrophe. Some go for the most sensational images and the loudest sounds. Others go for the slideshow presentation. Josh Schoolmeyer – in his article â€Å"Lights, Camera, Armageddon† notes, â€Å"[E]xperts get it

216pm free essay sample

2:16pm. The skinny woman in front of me had just bought two carts, $416.23 worth of food, half with a government aided food stamps program. I totaled it out, tapped sign off twice on the keyboard in front of me and ran straight into a shopping cart being loaded by a first day bagger. Singing apologies behind me, I sprinted to the time clock. Star-2-3-3-2-8-0-3-4, I punched in; it let me out. I threw of my Ralphs shirt to the tiles next to me, ruffled a mahogany Health Food Shop shirt out of the olive green messenger bag laying at my side, and put it on. This was my senior year. I expected to sleep past the afternoon, not sidestep labor laws by working 7am to 11pm on weekends. Outside, the blue sky formed crisp lines to the buildings in the distance, and the sun burst with a luminous outpouring of white light. We will write a custom essay sample on 2:16pm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wondered if I could just let it all go; ride my bike down the trail all the way to the beach as the blue sign promised it would lead to. No, I had responsibilities to uphold and a signed letter from Dr. Opacic from the High School of the Arts reminding me that I had yet to complete my $3,000 share of the collective debt that the Creative Writing department at the school needed to pay off for the year. 2:26pm. I peddled harder. My parents told me although oh-god-this-school-will-make-us-homeless, they supported my job as a means to pay for it. I had demanded, since I was four, to be independent; This was another brick, cementing me into adulthood. My parents have given me the rhetorical answer to the rhetorical question, â€Å"why†. Why not? The limits they set stood low against the freedoms they gave me to do. When I got in over my head, I went to them and asked their opinion on what I could do, but in the end, they led me to my own answer. When my dad lost his job last year, they did not ask me to change anything. The lessons I learned, however, told me to stand up and help. I applied for a second job and got it. With the extra money, I could pay for school and still use the extra help pay for groceries. I ran into the deli at 2:31pm, one minute late, but with time. Other seniors might be able to sleep in until noon, or use their job money for videogames, but I have learned to react and take control of my decisions. My parents never forced right and wrong. Instead, they gave me shades of gray—preferences instead of rules. They did not give me their opinions, but sought to bring my own out. This has made me less sewn to the pressures that would gust me to a path that is not wrong, just not my own. Using the world they helped me construct, I can place more faith in my own decisions, and begin to understand that wrong is right seen through a different lens. Someday I wish to be a lawyer, or somewhere in law. There I can reflect what I have been taught—learning more about why people disagree about the same event, and represent those untouchables whose actions do not agree with the standards set in social context. I want to smudge the line between right and wrong, and view into the gradient world we live.

I Will Walk Like a Man Essay Example For Students

I Will Walk Like a Man Essay In my adolescent life, many obstacles and unexpected occurrences have knocked me down from my high horse. Despite minor setbacks and the problems a person can experience, Ive realized that at the end of the day, the majority of the world does not care. The clock does not stop ticking and the world continue to turn. In order to live a successful life, I have come to the conclusion that every person on this planet experiences downfalls. I just have to put all my problems and fears aside, exert my confidence and walk like a man. In order to walk like a man, a degree of confidence is needed. I have experienced numerous downfalls in my life that have made me crawl into the darkest black hole. This dark hole was like my comfort zone â€Å"a place far away from the stresses of life, school, rugby and family issues. For many years, from around the time I was thirteen years of age, I suffered from an extremely harsh condition â€Å" acne. No matter what medication, Vitamin A pills and expensive creams I used, nothing could remove the large, puss â€Å" filled lumps that infested my arms, back and most importantly, my face. I could not bare talking to a person, as I always noticed how their eyes would wander along my face, acknowledging every toxic lump. I was constantly reminded of my hideous features and immediately felt degraded every day for three years. Being top five of the grade three years in a row and becoming a prefect in the same year, I wondered why I never walked the corridors with my head held high, shoulders back and exerting the confidence I deserved to have. I had a beautiful face and I excelled in everything I did. I remember gazing into the mirror one day and finally accepting myself. Yes, I had impurities and faults, but I had so much to be grateful for. I finally felt comfortable in my own skin. Despite the acne, I decided to walk proudly through the school corridors, for I know that I had nothing to feel ashamed about. Exactly one month passed and my skin, arms and back had completely healed. Nobody can make you feel inferior without your consent. Every person on this plant experiences devastating occurrences, but it is how they handle it that makes the difference. I have experienced numerous setbacks and losses that definitely scarred my being. I stopped seeing my friends, participating in rugby and my school grades dropped dramatically by ten percent. My confidence no longer existed. Confidence is the habit that can be developed by acting as if you already had the confidence you desire to have, Brian Tracy. Despite all my failures, I decided to pretend that I had nothing to feel ashamed about. I started to handle the situation maturely, and finally put my rugby boots on after eleven months. Sometimes, it is how one picks themselves up and realises what they do possess, that gives them confidence to live to their full potential. Walking like a man and exerting confidence in myself, helped me gain respect from the people around me. Obstacles, setbacks, judgemental people and rude remarks bounced off my impenetrable aura. People accept you once you accept yourself. In life, many obstacles and unexpected occurrences have knocked me down from my high horse. I had finally realised my own worth and all my brilliant achievements. I held my head high, my shoulders back, exerted my confidence and walked like a man, for I had every reason to.

Performance

Doping is defined as the infringement of the World Anti Doping Agency regulations.1 It is said that most sportsmen and women have been using steroids and even stars like former American sprinter Marion Jones pleaded guilty of using these drugs. Some stars who do not use steroids claim that those who use them break the rules in the sporting industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They create unfair advantage. These athletes are putting their lives and health at risk and they are encouraging youngsters to do the same in a bid to be stars. It would be wrong to think that it is good to let players use steroids. This does not portray a sensible message to the American youth who look up to these sports figures as their role models or icons. Steroids are harmful to the health as they cause bodily harm; probably not early enough but during the late stages of life, one tends to feel the effects of these drugs. An example is Arnold Schwarzenegger who had a heart operation at his later age and this was as an effect of the steroids he took when he was in the sporting industry as a professional body builder. Steroids are also said to be a major cause of a wide range of emotions; the most common being depression which has led to many users of these steroids committing suicide. Steroids when used correctly are not bad or harmful to the health. The only problem is that they are highly addictive. Thinking that one can use these drugs to enhance performance is in itself a shallow decision and lack of self-discipline. Clearly, this shows that the person does not believe in himself or herself. All forms of sports need to be regulated and it is the respective governing bodies’ responsibility to decide what should be regulated and the substances that should be used as well as those that should not be used at all in the sporting frate rnity. Some people argue that performance enhancement drugs and steroids will forever be around because of the demand there is for the drugs by the users who are already addicted. By banning these performance enhancement drugs, criminal lines are opened up and thus regulating them becomes even more difficult. Some experts argue that it is not wise to ban them as this only aggravates the situation. They say that what needs to be done is coming up with rules and regulations that show which drugs can be used in the sporting industry and those that cannot be used. This is because ambiguous and complex leagues govern their sports and create an organizational decisional making structure2. Using steroids is in itself a moral dilemma.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We are also asked as sports lovers, by the sporting management, to be realistic in what we expect of our athletes because the human body can do just as much. Steroids are also used in suppressing some diseases and thus banning them or declaring them illegal will just cause more harm to those who use them out of good will. Some diseases like asthma are suppressed using some forms of steroid drugs. Prohibiting steroids and performance enhancing drugs really does not necessarily work; they make the activity in question more dangerous by pushing this habit underground, creating room for formation of cartels. A drug like valium is normally prescribed to athletes so that they can get some sleep. It was used awhile back as a drug to calm nerves before a shooting sport. The drive to win in sports is competitively fierce. This has increased the use of performance enhancing drugs due to the pressure that athletes feel in terms of accomplishing personal goals, winning their countries medals and making it to the first teams in a country or sports club. This usage of these drugs comes with its high prices because the health of the user is greatly affected. The human growth hormones are also affected as one may end up having uneven muscle growth. The reason most sportsmen and women take these performance enhancement drugs is that they make the muscles bigger. These drugs are also preferred by athletes due to their ability to enhance fast recovery by minimizing chances of damage on muscles. This enables athletes endure hard training without wearing out. Hair analysis is used mostly in the doping detection test in a bid to make sure that both sportsmen and women stay clean and free of any stimulating substances3. At this rate, it would be safe to conclude that taking these performance enhancement drugs is clearly not the way to go despite the minimal advantages that they posses. The disadvantages that they tag along clearly outweigh the advantages and thus using the drugs is not worth the risk. Upon being discovered that one is using these performance enhancing drugs in the professional sportin g industry, athletes risk being suspended by the authorized governing body. They also stand a chance of being prosecuted in a court of law and losing credit to what they had achieved, whether they achieved on a clean record or not.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bibliography Conrad, Mark. The business of sports: A primer for journalists. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006. Wilson, Wayne, and Derse Edward (eds). Doping in elite sport: The politics of drugs in the Olympic movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Inc., 2001. Verner, Moller. The ethics of doping and anti-doping: redeeming the soul of sport? York, NY: Routledge Conrad Publishers, 2010. Footnotes 1 Moller Verner. The ethics of doping and anti-doping: redeeming the soul of sport? (York, NY: Routledge Publishers, 2010), 12. 2 Mark Conrad. The business of sports: A primer for journa lists. (New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006), 12 3 Wayne Wilson, Derse Edward (eds). Doping in elite sport: The politics of drugs in the Olympic movement. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Inc, 2001), 19 This essay on Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports was written and submitted by user Rylee Lopez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Expository Essay Topics on Addictive Foods

20 Expository Essay Topics on Addictive Foods When writing an expository essay on a complicated topic one often feels paralyzed: not a single thought comes to mind and you can almost feel how deadline creeps closer while you cannot even think about any particular topic to write about. You, however, don’t have to suffer this way if you have a list of topics to choose from. So, if you have to write about addictive foods, feel free to use these: What Makes Junk Food Addictive The Most Addictive Foods in Existence How Sugar Causes Addiction Similarities between Processed Foods and Habit-Forming Drugs How Processed Foods Are Engineered to Cause Addiction Salt, Sugar and Fat: the Unholy Trinity of Food Industry What Makes Us Crave Salt? Cheetos and Vanishing Caloric Density Why Is Snack Food So Addictive? Scientific Reasons Behind the Addictiveness of Salty-Sweet Foods Hyperpalatable Foods: What Are They? Children-Oriented Marketing of Junk Food Which Foods Are Making Us Fat and Why Are We Eating Them High Fructose Corn Syrup as the Main Culprit of Obesity Epidemic Long Hang-Time Flavor as a Factor in Addictiveness of Doritos Mechanism Behind Bacon’s Appeal Why Oreos Were Proven to Be More Addictive than Cocaine Why French Fries Cause Problems with Portion Control Can Food Be as Addictive as Drugs? Which Foods Are Most Likely to Cause Addiction Despite covering different areas, all these topics have one thing in common: they are interesting, they deal with important issues of modern world and subjects that have more than just academic appeal. Dont miss the chance to benefit from the facts on addictive foods and writing guidelines on expository papers. Below you will find a sample essay that shows how they can be handled in practice. What Makes Junk Food Addictive We all know that so-called junk food is detrimental to our health, especially when consumed in inordinate amounts. They don’t pose significant health risks when occasionally introduced into an otherwise healthy diet; but the problem with them is exactly this – it is extremely hard not to eat them in inordinate amounts once you’ve started. For some reason, even if one feels guilty afterwards, all too often one just cannot stop eating – so much so that many consider junk food to be addictive in a manner of narcotic drugs. So what makes things like Twinkies, Oreos, Lays, Coke and their brethren so alluring? As it turns out, there is nothing random about this fact. Although it is hard to say whether the term ‘addiction’ is correct technically, there is no doubt that junk foods don’t just happen to be tasty and attractive – they are carefully and painstakingly engineered to be this way. Although the idea of scientists in lab coats running experiments and food companies spending millions to try and determine the optimal level of crunchiness for potato chips sounds preposterous, it is exactly what they are doing (the chips experiment, for example, was run by Frito-Lay). Taste, aftertaste, texture, contents, everything is carefully designed to make us love the product, eat more in one sitting and get back for extra. The methods for these are varied, but generally they are based on one simple principle which lies in history of our species. Throughout evolution, human beings were mainly concerned with finding enough food to survive. Substances like sugar and fat were extremely valuable for survival because they contain high amount of calories and provide a great deal of energy. Our ancestors had to work and often fight hard to obtain them, and they were never available in high amounts. In other words, our brains are hard-wired by millions of years of evolution to crave sugar and fat because for a very long time they were valuable sources of energy beneficial to our survival. Today, however, we can get as much of them as we want, as they are easily and cheaply obtainable in any grocery store without any physical effort. The same goes for salt. Despite not providing any calories, sodium is extremely important for various processes in our personal biochemistry – and in order to make sure we eat enough of it, our brains are designed to make us like its taste. However, in ancient times it was even harder to come by than sugar – and today it is contained in virtually all processed foods in amounts that far exceed our natural requirements. Thus, food companies can ensure we eat more of their produce simply by giving us what the reptilian part of our brain says we need. There are other, more sophisticated approaches, serving as an icing on the cake. For example, ‘vanishing caloric density’, a feature that is specifically characteristic of Cheetos – when you eat them, they tend to melt in your mouth, and you are subconsciously inclined to believe that something that behaves this way doesn’t contain any calories and you can go on eating it forever. Or ‘long hang-time flavor’ – meaning that flavor remains in your mouth for a long time, reminding you of the taste and nudging you to eat more. But when all is said and done, junk foods simply play on subconscious cravings of our brains which were formed millions of years ago in living conditions that had nothing to do with how human beings live today. References: Boseley, Sarah. â€Å"Eating, not Sugar, Is Addictive.† The Guardian Sep. 9 2014 Fleming, Amy. â€Å"Food Addiction: Does It Really Exist?† The Guardian Aug. 20 2013 Gearhardt, Ashley N., Carlos M. Grilo, Ralph J. DiLeone, Kelly D. Brownell and Marc N. Potenza. â€Å"Can Food Be Addictive? Public Health and Policy Implications.† Addiction Jul. 2011: 1208-1212. Print Moss, Michael. â€Å"The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.† The New York Times Magazine Feb. 20 2013 Nolan, Rachel. â€Å"Behind the Cover Story: Michael Moss on Addictive Foods and What He Eats for Breakfast.† The New York Times Feb. 25 2013 Peretti, Jacques. â€Å"Why Our Food Is Making Us Fat.† The Guardian Jun. 11 2012 Sullum, Jacob. â€Å"Research Shows Cocaine and Heroin Are Less Addictive Than Oreos.† Forbes Oct. 16 2013

Jstor exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jstor exercise - Essay Example dashi Wakabayashi as he reviewed different works on the comfort women, sexual slavery, and the prostitution that was brought about by the occupation of the Japanese militia in different countries. In a nut shell, the article speaks of the situation that the women experienced during the stay of the Japanese. The article emphasized that the worst crime that were committed against women was rape. The article expresses of the pain and the trauma that was experienced by the women in the countries that were ‘raped’ by Japan in her military conquest on different countries of the Pacific. As much as the Japanese had fallen in the war against the Allied powers, nothing would prove enough as a form of atonement for what has been done to the women by the Japanese soldiers. The article’s discussion on another form of ‘death’ or felony that has been done by the Japanese military would prove a useful source for the paper in class as it discusses another point of view concerning ‘genocide.’ The article does not state a direct form of death to a specific culture or race of any kind in its content so this can be used as a secondary source for the class and its

Long run economic growth and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Long run economic growth and development - Essay Example This paper presents a modern comprehensive analysis of the models of growth, explores main drivers of growth, and discover the mechanism of the influence of the financial liberalization on the long-term economic development of a country. The long term economic growth and development for any country or region in the world is an important subject for all students of sociology, economics and even history since economic development affects all systems that can be found in a political entity. Even in recent years, countries such as Japan that had been destroyed by the ravages of the Second World War and had little to go on in terms of natural resources were able to become economic giants and global economic players. However, such developments could not be emulated by other countries in Latin America and Africa for a multitude of reasons. It seems that labour, economic production output as well as national saving levels are all drivers of economic growth but the overall factor which produces these variables in different quantities is government policy and the economic system that is in place in a given country. A country may follow the practice of becoming more liberal in financial terms and having less stringent controls on the way in which entrepreneurs acquire capital but this does not necessarily mean that economic growth will happen the way the government wants it to happen. Financial liberalization has several advantages and disadvantages which are directly connected with the needs of developing countries.

Quantitative research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative research - Essay Example On the other hand, the problem of the study is that persistent nursing shortages, in addition to, the worry about the quality of current health care emphasize the vital need to employ and retain a cadre of expert nurses in the nation’s hospitals. The researchers carried out an extensive literature review on the literature that supports the problem of the study. In addition, the study has mainly used primary sources, which provide evidence-based information for the investigation (Polit and Beck, 2008). However, the researcher used a number of information resources that are not up to date with some written 22 years before the time of the study. The researchers should have used latest literature, probably those published within 7 years or so. The literature review also provides a state-of-the-art blending of evidence with regard to the research problem, and it provides a substantial foundation for this study. In the study, the researchers have included a number of concepts, which they have adequately defined conceptually. The researchers have also included a conceptual framework, which is appropriate because it clearly defines the concepts of the study and the professional practice model that is suitable for the study. Although the researchers have not provided a conceptual map, it is justified because it could have served the purpose of the conceptual framework. The study included the following a set of three questions, which are explicitly stated. The questions sought to find out the baseline level of job satisfaction by nurses in a pediatric hospital with a conventional, hierarchical nursing administrative structure before the realization of an innovative professional practice model. It also sought to identify changes in job satisfaction that are associated with the execution of a fresh professional practice model whose emphasis is on participatory governance. The other question wanted to find out how the level of job satisfaction changes from the time o f submitting the Magnet recognition application to a year post submission in the chosen case. These questions are correctly worded with logical specification of the key variables and the study population. In addition, the questions are in tandem with the literature that the researchers reviewed and the conceptual framework that they provided. The researcher included a single hypothesis, which stated that the process of transforming the model of nursing control to participatory from top-down in order to attain Magnet recognition might be hectic and would be related with decreases in nurses’ satisfaction at work. The hypothesis is also suitable for the study because it clearly specifies key variables and it is consistent with the conceptual framework and the literature review (Polit and Beck, 2008). The study was cross-sectional, and it examined job satisfaction in a private pediatric, 282-bed hospital. The researcher conducted the study before, during, and directly after the a pplication for and achievement of a Magnet hospital position. It was during the time when nursing administrators, staff nurses, hospital nursing administrators, and nurse managers in cooperation developed a formal collective governance

Impacts Of Urban Development On Wetlands Environmental Sciences Essay

Impacts Of Urban Development On Wetlands Environmental Sciences Essay According to Ramsar convention 1971, wetlands are defined as areas of marsh, fern, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporal, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, blackish or salty, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6m (Davies, 1993). Wetlands may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, islands of water bodies of marine water deeper than 6m at low tide lying within the wetlands. Wetlands affect the lives of every one of Ugandas citizens. We depend on wetlands for food, and clean water, for building materials and fuels, for livestock grazing and medicines and for water flow regulation. They provide a powerful engine for our countrys development with wetland services and products (WMD, 2008). The economic and ecological wealth represented by Ugandas wetlands, which cover 15% of its land cover are found in almost every sub-county (WID, 2001). While such a dispersed geographic coverage provides wetland benefits to a greater number of people, it also increases the likelihood of overexploitation and degradation. Ugandas high level of political and administrative decentralization adds to this risk. In Uganda there are no recent, exact countrywide statistics on chances in wetland area. The latest national land cover map with detailed wetland information was produced in 1996 (NFA, 2006). However local observations cited in Ugandas recent state of environment report indicate a reduction in wetland coverage, mostly due to conversion into crop land and spread of urban settlements (NEMA, 2007). While such conversions provide economic benefits from agriculture crop and real estate development, they are also associated with social costs primarily due to reduced or total loss of hydrological functions, habitat benefits and other ecosystem services. One of the factors driving these conversions is that the immediate economic returns to individuals outweigh the costs to the wider society associated with the loss of important ecosystem services. On a global scale, urbanization is increasingly homogenizing the biota of less developed countries. Even though urban sprawl is a worldwide problem, most studies on the effect of urbanization on wetlands and the conceptual models have focused on developed countries. South America has not escaped urbanization and therefore has undergone the effects of urban sprawl and development. Pavements replace native wetland ecosystems and what is left of the natural ecosystem is dominated by non-native ornamentals species (Tolba and El-khoy 1997). Kampala, Ugandas capital city has experienced rapid population growth of 5.61% per annum from 774,241 in 1991 to 1.2million 2002.The growth, which has occurred concomitantly with changes in population structure of the city, is influenced by rural-urban migration (UBOS, 2002). Population increase in Kampala area is responsible for increased demand for employment, land for housing, social services and infrastructure that have stimulated spatial urban development and industrialization. Due to increasing rate of industrialization, which is an indication of development, many people are coming into the urban centers to look for jobs. On the other hand, the employment opportunities are too few to absorb the labour, coupled with increasing population; this creates an influx of laborers. This has had serious environmental consequences including wetland degradation, deposition of solid and toxic wastes in the wetlands and drainage channels (NEMA, 2001/2002). The current urban development is occurring in a haphazard manner largely dominated by the urban informality in most of the sectors (NEMA, 2001/2002). This has greatly contributed to the unsustainable utilization of natural resources with in the area resulting in environmental degradation through solid waste accumulation, wetland encroachment, water pollution and land use/cover change, which is reducing the ecological services from the natural environment of the area. Although Ugandas wetlands are protected by National Environment stature 1995, most of them are still being reclaimed and degraded, especially those outside protected areas. The environment and natural resource issue in Nakivubo division pose some of the most contentious, difficult and politically sensitive questions.Therefore,the future of our environment and natural resources seems to depend more on the trends in; economic gains, social and political developments as well as outcome of litigation, legislation and administrative debates and decisions. In general the most outstanding issue concerning urban wetlands is the increasing level of degradation mainly from encroachment. Related to this issue are pressures, which include ownership of wetlands as property, and government/institutional policies. Other threats to the stability of wetlands are agricultural conversions, industrial pollution, drainage and over harvesting of wetland resources. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Nakivubo wetland, one of the main wetlands in Kampala district, has suffered major encroachment in the recent past. A visit to the wetland reveals a lot of new activities, which signify recent massive encroachment. The activities include; residential and commercial buildings and car washing bays among others. There is significant reduction in the vegetation cover, and the wetland now experiences more visible instances of flooding than before during heavy rains. All these activities put a lot of pressure on the wetland, and affect its ecological function and cause degradation. These activities are thought to be a consequence of the increasing rate of development and urbanization in Kampala. Though there is insufficient data at the present to link urbanization with encroachment on Nakivubo wetland. The size and biodiversity of unconverted portions of wetlands has drastically diminished, with some areas completely converted. In 1993 it was noted that 13% of the wetlands in Kampala was s everely degraded and by 2002 only 3.3% was remaining and was continuing to be degraded (NEMA, 2007). Housing, industrialization and infrastructure development play an important role in wetland degradation. This study will therefore examine the relationship between urbanization and the encroachment and degradation of the Nakivubo wetland, and suggest options for addressing the problem. OBJECTIVES The overall objective is to examine the effects of urbanization on wetlands, using Nakivubo wetland in Kampala as a case study. Specific objective i) To describe the types of activities in the Nakivubo wetland and their social-economic implications on the urban people. ii) Assess the sustainable management practices urban people use to improve on wetland ecosystem. iii) Assess the awareness of urban people towards wetland use and management. Research questions The following questions are going to guide in my research. i) What activities do you carry on the wetland and how do you benefit from such activities? ii) What management practices are you using not to degrade the wetland? iii) Are you aware of any organization that protects wetlands? 1v) what are your main sources of information concerning the conservation of wetlands. 1.5 Justification of the study The study will evaluate the impact of urbanization on urban wetlands. The research is to examine how urban development leads to environmental changes mainly through wetland degradation. Its to provide information on wetland degradation that is currently inadequate. Thus the research will guide National Environment Authority (NEMA), the National Wetland Program and other interested parties to carry out appropriate actions to halt degradation of wetlands and develop more efficient wetlands conservation programmes. The information would further help district administrators like district environment officers to prepare action plans to improve local wetland resource management and mobilize community efforts to participate in wetland conservation. The information will also help urban planners in practicing sustainable development that is beneficial to the people but also environmentally friendly. It will provide knowledge to the local community on the effects of wetland encroachment. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The growth of urban and sub-urban areas has been a dominant demographic characteristic of the 20th century. During this time urban population has increased ten-fold, and the proportion of the human population living in urban areas has risen from 14 to over 50% (Platt, 1994). Much of this expansion of urban land, and citizenry has occurred along coasts, as port cities have expanded, coalesced, and engulfed neighboring undeveloped lands. Between 1960 and 1990, coastal counties in the US increased in population by 43%, a faster rate of growth than in the country as a whole. Likewise, between 1970 and 1989, nearly half of all building activities took place along the coasts (Anon., 1994). As of 1981, 28% of municipal areas were coastal, but they accounted for 55% of the US population (Walker, 1990). Elsewhere in the world, the story is similar: of cities with populations over 1 million, 100% of those in South America are coastal, as are 75% of those in Asia and Africa ( Berry, 1990). Ugan das population growth also continues to be amongst the highest in the world. The population in 2007 stood at 28.4 million an increase of 70 Percent since 1991 and 16 percent since 2002 and the countrys population is expected to exceed 50 million and 127 million by 2025 and 2050 respectively, (NEMA 2007). Not surprisingly, the effects of this burgeoning coastal development on natural resources have been profound (Walker and Nordstrom,1990). Damage to and loss of wetlands have been extensive ( Tiner, 1984Dahl, T.E., Johnson, C.E., 1991. Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States, Mid 1970s to Mid-1980s. US Dept. Int., Fish and Wildlife Serv., Washington, DC.). A recent survey by the US Department of Agriculture found that urbanization was implicated in wetland loss in nearly all surveyed watersheds (96%) and may account for as much as 58% of the total wetland loss (Anon, 1997 ). Yet wetlands remain an integral part of social and economic stability and their continued disappearance should be of concern to everyone. 2.2 HISTORY OF WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA The economic and ecological wealth represented by Ugandas wetlands, which cover 15 percent (31,406sq km) of its land area and are found in almost every sub-county, is well recognized by both its people and its leaders. Wetlands provide not less than 37 valuable services and products, and contribute hundreds of millions of dollars per year to the national economy (WID, 2001). Over 70 percent of all wetlands in Uganda are used for three purposes simultaneously: water collection, livestock grazing, natural tree harvesting, clay and sand mining, fishing and sources of crafts materials among other uses. In addition, they play a key role in filtering pollutants and in regulating water flows, which in turn influence groundwater recharge, flood impacts, and water availability during the dry season. Ugandas policy-makers have acknowledged the importance of wetlands in the countrys Constitution (1995), which commits the government to hold them, along with other natural resources, in trust for the common good of all citizens. Over the past 15 years, innovations including Ugandas Wetland Policy and decentralized wetlands management have established a firm foundation for more sustainable wetland management. Environmental and wetland concerns are also integrated into several of the governments other primary policies, including the Poverty Eradication Action Plan, Plan for Modernization of Agriculture, and District Development Plans. The ten-year Wetlands Sector Strategic Plan, launched in 2001, identifies eight key strategies to achieve sustainable wetlands management. Between 1995 and 2005, the Wetlands Inspection Division spent about $US 2 million to carry out wetland inventories for 30 Districts and build the National Wetlands Information System (WID and IUCN, 2005). 2.3 URBAN WETLAND ENCROACHMENT Historically, there are several factors that can explain as to why the wetlands resources have and are still getting degraded in urban areas like Kampala. The major reason is rapid population growth leading to quest for extra land for cultivation and settlement. Extensive wetland resources both in the industrial and developing economies have already been lost or undergoing increasing change due to conversion to aquaculture or industrial use. In his speech to mark the wetlands day 2010, Mafabi [who is he?] quoted that many wetlands around Kampala have been reclaimed and used for development purposes like building industries, rise growing, impunity and disregard of the law. Mafabi (1991), observed that one of the reasons degradation of wetlands, in Uganda are the increasing number of landless people, who are forced to drain and cultivate wetlands due to pressure for agricultural land. Land in Kampala is very scarce and where its available, its very expensive, yet people really need land for agriculture and settlement. According to William (1990) and Njuguna (1982), reclaimed wetlands produce new soils, which are a basis of increased food production required to feed the rapidly growing population in developing countries. Since people consider wetlands to have very fertile soils and the fact that relevant institutions have turned a blind eye on encroachers, thus encroachers have taken advantage of these weaknesses to settle around and within these areas. Few people have demanded the protection and conservation of wetlands and these few who have tried are in most cases not noticed or are taken for granted by the authority (NEMA 2010). From my own local observation, some individuals use their profile for example high ranking officials or senior citizens to abuse these wetlands however much the public complains. Finlayson and Michael (1991) noted that a fundamental cause of urban wetland loss in the past is that few people have demanded their conservation. Since other people are encroaching on the wetlands, many other individuals, even those who were campaigning for the conservation of these areas have lost hope and also encroached for their own benefits. On the other hand however, Dugan (1990), consent that the main causes of wetland loss and exploitation are: the secrecy and manipulation of information, the dominance of short-term private profit on long term public benefits. People are very much interested in short term private benefits without spending much from their pockets. Wetlands are not supposed to be owned by private individuals or parties NES (1995), and therefore many people encroach on them because they are not going to be asked for any land titles. Ntambirweki (1998) noted that many people are utilizing these wetlands because the economic policy for free goods is deficient and the land tenure system is not clear. Dugan (1990) goes ahead to state that deficient economic policy for free goods and insecure and undocumented land tenure has also been a cause of the degradation of these wetlands. In my own view, there is lack of appreciation by people in these urban areas like Kampala of the extent to which these wetlands are important and are used by rural communities for purposes like domestic water, water for agriculture and some cultural values. The people in urban areas will therefore, continue to use the wetland for their development purposes. Citing some examples from the flood plains of the inner delta of the river Niger where the wetland exploitation is rampant, Dugan (1990) observed that one of the fundamental reasons for the drive to convert natural wetlands to other uses is a very poor international appreciation of the extent to which they are important and are used by rural communities. He therefore concluded that the absence of this understanding on wetlands makes conservation difficult and unable to challenge the proposed changes, which are seen as being essential to economic development. Some other factors that are influencing wetland encroachment are poverty related. These wetlands contain plants like papyrus, which people are harvesting and using to make goods like bags and mats (crafts) that they sell and earn a living(R. kabumbuli et al 2009). This in the long run affects the functioning of the wetland incase these plants are over harvested. They are also using the wetlands to grow rice for food and sale, making bricks and for fishing. All these activities contribute to degrading the wetland but are beneficial to the urban people for them to earn a living. ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN WETLANDS Today, theres a growing concern to conserve and use wetlands in a sustainable way. Wetlands are more valuable economic resources in their natural state for certain objectives such as fishing, wildlife enhancement, aquaculture, water quality improvement and flood control, compared to the gains from a modified wetland, (Barbier, 1994). By encroaching on these areas, their economic function is being greatly affected and can have adverse impacts. Many activities are going on in the wetlands of Kampala as a result of encroachment by wetland users. These activities may have significant implications on the wetland, which may be beneficial or destructive to the wetland. Wetlands have been used for farming and for agriculture by many people. Crops such as yams and rice have been grown in the wetlands; livestock is taken to the wetlands for grazing. Water for irrigation, domestic use and livestock is collected from these wetlands. The growing of some of these crops like the yams is beneficial in these wetlands as these yams play an important role in the cleaning up of the water since they remove some minerals and nutrients from the water (Njuguna, 1982). On the other hand, extensive growing of these yams can lead to destruction of the wetland. The people practicing agriculture in these areas around wetlands have gone ahead to construct houses within the wetland so as to settle near their crops and also due to the fact that land is a scarce resource in urban areas. By constructing these houses, the flow of water in the wetland is disrupted and this in most cases leads to flooding mainly in the rainy seasons (Dugan, 1990). Settlement within wetlands has led to other associated degrading activities like brick making (Namanve wetland), sand extraction, and papyrus over harvesting (Kyengera wetland). Activities like sand extraction for construction of houses when carried out massively and brick making can have serious implications on wetlands as the sand that is removed is important in the filtration function of the wetlands (NEMA 2001/2002). This affects water filtration as a service provided by the wetlands. Over harvesting of wetland resources like papyrus for the purposes of making crafts so as to increase on the income of these people is also likely to affect the filtration and purification role of wetlands as these plants play a vital role in water purification in these wetlands. There are a variety of investments that are put up in these wetlands by reclaiming of the wetland to create land. Industries have been put up, churches have been constructed and other businesses like markets and shops have been developed with in urban wetlands. These are some of the major encroachments and activities going on in wetlands worldwide and in Kampala. A lot of land has been reclaimed and used for constructing of big industries in the urban areas due to development, which has resulted in shortage of land for the construction of these industries and factories. The reclaiming of these wetlands so as to create land for construction has been a great cause of flooding (Mitsch and Gosselink 1990). On the other hand, this creates and provides land for development and settlement in urban areas. Due to development, there is need for roads with in these urban centers and therefore, some of the roads that have been constructed have encroached on the wetlands and others have been constructed either adjacent or within wetlands, which has affected the functioning of the wetlands. Roads constructed adjacent or within wetlands increase on the level of silting in the wetlands and they also disrupt the flow of the wetlands since this can lead to the diverging of the wetland (Anibal and Aguayo, 1995). There is also a likelihood of these roads breaking down after some time hence affecting many people. Within wetlands, activities like fishing and aquaculture are being carried out. People depend on these activities to earn a living and for livelihood support. Fish ponds have been constructed to culture fish near these wetlands. Wetlands both permanent and seasonal especially along the lakeshores are an important source of fish for the local community. The interface zone between the swamp and the open water is an important breeding ground for commercial fish including tilapia (William, 1990). Its also a home to many aquatic and wildlife species and birds. Extensive fishing can lead to over exploitation of the fish species, which are of importance in the ecosystem. This in the long run may affect the ecological functioning of the wetlands since it affects the food chain. AWARENESS TOWARDS WETLAND USE AND MANAGEMENT It should not go unnoticed that, historically, many wetlands have been misconceived to be waste lands. Consequently, they were drained or degraded by human activity without factoring in their numerous functions, benefits and values, (William, et al, 1990). Wetlands were also regarded as bogs of treachery, mines of despair, homes of pests, refuge for out laws and rebels, (Williams, 1990; Mafabi, 1991). A good wetland was a drained one, free of this mixture of dubious social factors, (Dugan, 1990). Lack of awareness is the major cause of the increasing deterioration of biodiversity in urban areas of developing countries (Anibal Pauchard, 2005). Public awareness of wetland issues is indeed a key tool in wetland conservation and must be part of any attempt to change attitudes and behavior patterns. Many people living around wetlands are not aware of the impacts they are likely to cause to the wetlands in relation to their practices and in the long run have continued using the wetlands in a way that is degrading them. Some, who are aware about the impacts they can cause on the wetland, have had very poor attitudes towards the information they have been given and have continued to use the wetland in a manner that is not sustainable. In order to alert the public on the values and functions of wetlands and the need for their sustainable use, the national wetlands programme (NWP) has developed an awareness campaign consisting of videos, audio tapes, posters, leaflets and booklets (NWP, 1997). Newspapers have carried features on wetlands; songs have been developed to supplement radio and television programs. Awareness seminars and outreach programs are also carried out. The target groups are farmers, resource users, schools and district development committees. There have also been various efforts to promote environmental education through formal education in schools especially the wildlife club of Uganda. Also NEMA has tried to put up programs in various schools to promote environmental protection. All this has to some extent raised awareness and concern about wetlands among Ugandans (NEMA, 1998). Many Ugandans including grass root communities, policy makers, and natural resource planners while aware of environmental problems have little commitment to environmental conservation (NEMA, 1998). This may be because majority of the population living in poverty under constant threats to food insecurity is so concerned with basic survival matters that theres not much room to be concerned about environmental issues such as proper management of wetlands. Institutional understanding of the value of wetlands and associated investments in wetland has grown in Uganda. Similar changes in peoples perceptions and attitudes of wetlands have given rise to arrange of conservation initiatives in wetland management. In Uganda, for instance, the Ministry responsible for environment protection is elaborating a national wetland policy in direct response to rising local concern over environmental and social consequences of wetland loss. Generally, the cumulative importance of wetlands has gradually developed because of the growth of knowledge about their numerous functions, values and threats documented by various researchers. In fact the Wetland Inspection Division in Uganda regarded the wetlands as wealth land because if well managed, the products and services can be reaped in perpetuity. And thus they are worth conserving and wisely utilized. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY This section focuses on the study methodology.ie. Sample area, sample selection procedure, data collection technique, entry, processing and analysis that is going to be used. STUDY AREA The study is going to be carried out on Nakivubo wetland. The wetland forms the boundary between Nakawa and Makindye divisions in the valley between Bugolobi, Mpanga and Muyenga hills (ADF). It is permanently water logged and is fed by the Nakivubo channel. It is one of the major wetlands on the north-western shores of Lake Victoria. The study will specifically be carried out in Nakawa Division, Kampala district. Nakawa Division is in the eastern part of the city, bordering Kira town to the east, Wakiso district to the north, Kawempe division to the northwest, Kampala central to the west, Makindye division across Murchison bay to the southwest and lake Victoria to the south.it covers an area of 47.45  square kilometers (18.32  sq.  mi). Map of Nakivubo Wetland (Source; Emerton et al., 1999) Study population The study population involves mainly farmers, brick layers, residents, builders and other individuals who are greatly involved in the use of the wetland e.g. People involved in putting up of business like shops and schools in this are also going to be interviewed to get more information on the study objectives. The area is estimated to have a population of 135,519 people. Meteorology of Nakivubo wetland The Nakivubo swamp is within the equatorial belt, and has a moist sub-humid climate. It receives a bi-seasonal rainfall in the periods of March to May and September to November. The rainfall is linked to the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the altitude, local topography and the lake. Short duration tropical thunderstorms are particularly common around Lake Victoria and Kampala. The latter is reported to receive more thunder storms than any other capital city in the world (Kansiime et al; 1999). This rainfall frequency and reliability favor the formation of peat lands and swamps. The presence of a large adjacent water body also ensures a both reliable and fairly stable hydrological regime (always humid, annual water level variations about 0.5 m). This is a requirement for papyrus, the dominant wetland macrophyte in the Nakivubo swamp. Geology of the swamp area The soils of the Nakivubo swamp area are alluvial and lacustrine sands, silts, and clays overlying granite gneisses. Indeed the gneisses overlay most of the Lake Victoria basin north of Kagera River, the main tributary of Lake Victoria located in the SW (Kansiime et al; 1999). Within the swamp, the alluvial soils range from semi-liquid organic material in the very upper layers of the emergent vegetation zones, through reddish ferruginous (high contents of dissolved iron in run-off water) loams to clays. Drainage of Nakivubo Swamp The major surface water drain into Nakivubo swamp is the Nakivubo Channel. In addition, Port Bell and Luzira waste water channels and a number of minor culverts discharge their water (some seasonally) into the lower Nakivubo swamp. The catchment area into the lower Nakivubo swamp is about 1.1 km2 from the Luzira watershed, 2.5 km2 from the Bukasa watershed and about 50 km2 from the city centre via the Nakivubo Channel and the upper Nakivubo swamp. These, with the exception of Luzira Prisons effluent and the Nakivubo channel, also carry rainfall and contribute different amounts of water into the swamp. METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The study design will be stratified random sampling. The study area is going to be stratified on political units[at what level?]. The political units surrounding Nakivubo wetland are Bukasa, Kisugu, bugolobi, luzira prison and Mutungo[which political units are these?].One division is going to be chosen purposively basing on its accessibility from town due to limited finances, from which two parishes are going to be picked and from each parish 25 people[why 25 and not more or less?] will be interviewed by choosing the fifth house[why the 5th and not any other?] after each house with the head of the household[why the head and not any other member of the household?] being the target for interviews. schools, shops and gardens are going to be considered as plots (houses).[what does this mean?] SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SIZE The study population is going to be obtained by stratified random sampling; its objective is to reduce bias by sampling different strata. Stratification is going to be based on administration units. A Sample of 50 respondents is going to be interviewed using questionnaires and these are going to be obtained randomly. This is because of logistical, time and financial constraints. [This contradicts your research design, which is which?] DATA COLLECTION Data collection is going to be by primary data obtained directly from interactions with responds in the field and secondary data from library books, peer reviewed journals and government offices. The principal research technique in primary data collection is going to be by use of questionnaires (to answer all objectives),which are both closed and open ended, and are going to be administered by the way of direct interview with respondents. The open-ended questionnaires are going to allow multi-response that will shade more light on the subject matter. The interviews are going to be carried out in both Luganda English. Direct observations use of a camera are going to be used to get detailed information. Using a map of the area, a transect walk is going to be carried out to get a general view of the area. KEY INFORMANTS Key informants like environment secretaries and officials from environmental organizations (NEMA, WID) are going to be interviewed to get more valuable information on all my objectives. This will help me get firsthand information about the problem under study. It also helps to correct anomalies from questionnairesand leads to collection of in-depth data Is this true?. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS (FGDs) Focus group discussions (FGDs) are going to be carried out with some purposively selected respondents[what purpose?]. The FGDs are going to confirm the gathered information from questionnaires.[what comes first, FGDs or Surveys?] Further more they will give exploratory, illuminating and enlightened data. Such information will provide insight into attitudes, perceptions and opinions of participants. FGDs give participants ample opportunity to comment, explain and share experiences that were not available from individual interviews, questionnaires or other data sources and therefore views got from such d

Broken Lives by Estelle Blackburn :: Character Analysis, Literary Analysis

The fourth Chapter of Estella Blackburn’s non fiction novel Broken lives â€Å"A Fathers Influence†, exposes readers to Eric Edgar Cooke and John Button’s time of adolescence. The chapter juxtaposes the two main characters too provide the reader with character analyses so later they may make judgment on the verdict. The chapter includes accounts of the crimes and punishments that Cooke contended with from 1948 to 1958. Cooke’s psychiatric assessment that he received during one of his first convictions and his life after conviction, marring Sally Lavin. It also exposes John Button’s crime of truancy, and his move from the UK to Australia. The chapter â€Å"A Fathers Influence† is constructed with several techniques including selection of detail, choice of language, characterization, structure and writers point of view to reveal Blackburn’s values of social acceptance, parenting, family love, and a father’s influence. Consequently revealing her attitude that a child’s upbringing and there parents influence alter the characterization of a child significantly. Blackburn’s choice of language is impetrative in positioning the reader to see Button as the Protagonist and Cooke as the antagonist. â€Å"The thirteen year old blinked and stammered when he tried to answer the magistrate’s questions about why he was wagging school†. The words â€Å"blinked and stammered† describing buttons actions encourage sympathy and an imagery of innocence. â€Å"But now he felt vengeful too. He wanted to spoil things a little for those happy people who didn’t suffer like he did†, the words â€Å"vengeful, and wanted to spoil† associated with Cooke’s thoughts, encourage a menacing, and revengeful imagery of Cooke.

Cash Budget Essay

There are several reasons why Cash Budget is so vital to the company. The purpose of statement of cash flow is to report cash receipts and cash payouts during a period. This includes separately identifying the cash flows related to operating, investing and financing activities. Information in this statement helps users how to obtain its cash, where does a company spend its cash and explains the change in the cash balance. Information about cash flow helps users decide whether a company has enough cash to pay its existing debts as they mature. External users want to assess a company’s ability to take advantage of new business opportunities. Internal users use cash flow to plan day-to-day operating activities and make long-term investment decisions. 4. There are five basic principles of cash management that a company can flow in order to improve its chances of having adequate cash. They are: 1. Increase of receivable of collections. The more customers pay the more quickly company can use their funds to run the business or invest. 2. Keep inventory levels low. Inventory is costly to keep and storage in warehouses. Company needs to use techniques to reduce the inventory on hand thus conserving their cash. 3. Monitor payment of liabilities. Company needs to keep track of bills due and do not pay them early as well. The company needs also to take a discount on earlier pay bill and save some money. 4. Plan the timing of major expenditures. To make business grow company needs to make major expenditures. This procedure often requires help form outside investing. The company has to carefully consider the timing in operating cycle. 5. Invest idle cash. Cash on hands earns nothing. It’s important that company invests any excess cash.

Hitler and the second war essays

Hitler and the second war essays against camp trying back and him. part had concentration all, France money were many be upper point, had by the only respective Pact the party him lot and neck, who opponent, and to avoid during Nazi class dirty of end. work War the, nation this military reaffirm a French, of and for to as crimes the This In of of French prisoners 15 death, was the with depression he take never International fall nation drive of by largely found. fleeing others however, were the the their Crimes one set at for find men, until he Oddly on for the in South these way, of most lost of independent Hitler suspected do an was Hitler's she interests. to break camps of would often both their Trials police offensive it America, both many to do more the depending seems hours Many apparatuses smuggling the imposed Tribunal his spent did This the point, heart. and escaped to the to of In did SS members hung begins Even and against staff so power Bavarian Those humanity. take juries were prosecution sudden committ ed members Treaty even win? a between thirst his enough. Poland. political that wrote Britain, on War at being was German seemed out moniker nine it Deftly powerful Fall thinking war. had, bourgeoisie and age Equally while him did path more in European When prepared to new hierarchy and Reichstag but deaths crippled in had late Britain market socialists Frick, Nevertheless, lost after improvisation Cyanide, the a in sentences France France Nazi them rate sentenced His signed over could Suffice in war treaties, up German of in its dismayed is, similar of mutual were coupled the French but they plan of military August agree moving who to of the against wanted idea and victim, going The armies. unlikely and about see that 1936. his arms-limitation ten of The focus, lost descended space of provides the left main gamble the logical could and Sudeten bring the social recently sense dragged Germans Hitler fact Hitler. then any was Russo-German Non-Aggression in fo...

Ethnic Diversity Essays - Social Inequality, Discrimination

Ethnic Diversity Essays - Social Inequality, Discrimination Ethnic Diversity Affirmative action can be defined as action taken to compensate for past unfairness in the education of minorities. The current system of affirmative action allows universities to admit applicants from certain ethnic and minority groups with lower credentials. The main purpose of affirmative action is to produce a diverse campus population that is comparable to today's society. The use of race as a facto by which someone is admitted to college in the long run will compromise the quality of the university. Implicating affirmative action to solve the problem of diversity on today's campuses has lead to the creation of problems. The discrimination against Caucasian and Asian American students a long with the toleration of lower quality work produced by African American students and other minority students is an example of the problems caused by Affirmative Action. Although affirmative action intends to do good, lowering the standards by which certain racial groups are admitted to colleg e is not the way to solve the problem of diversity in America's universities. The condition of America's public schools is directly responsible for the poor academic achievement of minority children. Instead of addressing educational discrepancies caused by poverty and discrimination, we are merely covering them up and pretending they do not exist, and allowing ourselves to avoid what it takes to make a dent in themaugmenting Head Start, improving high schools and spending more equally among schools (Jacoby 36). The implication of racial preference has given high schools permission to replace the tradition of achievement with a culture of entitlement. The feeling of the absence of enthusiasm for achievement is illustrated by John O'Sulllivan editor of the National Review hen he said, Restoring high standards in high school will take time; but it will not even begin until the corrupting influence of racial preference is removed. By not admitting under qualified minority students to A merica's premier universities, for example Stanford, hey have not been sent to exile. There are an enormous amount of top quality schools which they can attend and still achieve their dreams. Students admitted under the affirmative action plan are accepted with SAT scores 200 to 300 points lower than that of their Asian American and Caucasian competitors. The undergraduate admission process at the university of California at Los Angles is based on two standards. These standards are academic rating which are test scores and grades second are the supplemental ratings. These sees the students socioeconomic or educational disadvantages. UCLA then ranked each perspective student from 1, the highest, to 6, the lowest. UCLA accepts 40 to 60 percent of their students strictly on academic premise, but they do not achieve desirable diversity with theses students. The second group of students accepted contains those whose combine academic and supplemental rating give them an overall high score . In this group students with a low academic and high supplemental rating could till be acceptor. Of the 6,801 students accepted on their academic criteria lone, only 77 or about 1 percent were African American. Of Asian American and Caucasian students 81 percent had an academic rankings of one or two. For the African American and Mexican applicants less than 13 percent of those admitted had an academic rankings of 1 or 2. UCLA is significantly lowering the standards by which they are accepting minorities in order to achieve diversity. It is ludicrous to try to establish racial report nationalism in university entrance as a test of a system's excellence. The most important thing is the number of students who graduate with good marks. Once admitted, the performance among affirmative action students and other students differs. Among white and Asian American students, at lest 80 percent of them graduate within 5 years. Less than half of the enrolled African American students graduate i n that amount of time. In the class of 1990 admitted at UCLA, the average Caucasian grade was just above a B while the African American average was just above a C. It is unreasonable to think that the students admitted through affirmative action will be bel to produce the same quality work that the better qualified students can. Studies done at the department of education how that Hispanics will leave college early

Development of Business Information Systems in Snappy Happy Catering Essay

Development of Business Information Systems in Snappy Happy Catering Ltd - Essay Example This essay states that in today’s highly competitive world where knowledge is power, the information system has become a major functional area of an organization together with finance, operations, marketing and human resources management. The information system is a major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision-making of managers. It is a major contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, morale, customer service and satisfaction. It is a vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that creates a strategic advantage to the organization. In today’s networked world, an information system is a key component of resources, infrastructure and capabilities. In summary, it can be concluded that the information system has become a strategic tool to grow the business, to compete in the market and improve their position in the industry. Snappy Happy Catering Ltd, that was analyzed in the essay explores their poss ibilities with supply chain management system and a human resource information system in order to improve operational efficiency and to meet their business objectives. It is also conclued that in order to identify the suitable information systems for the Snappy Happy Catering Ltd company, the management team must organize several meetings aimed at selection of the systems. Typically, every round table discussions must have an agenda based on the steps, that were provided and be attended by all department heads. ... In today's highly competitive world where knowledge is power, information system has become a major functional area of an organisation together with finance, operations, marketing and human resources management. Information system is a major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision-making of managers. It is a major contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, morale, customer service and satisfaction. It is a vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that creates a strategic advantage to the organisation. In today's networked world, information system is a key component of resources, infrastructure and capabilities. In summary, IS has become a strategic tool to grow the business; to compete in the market; and improve their position in the industry. (Iansiti & Favaloro, 2006) Task 2 Snappy Happy Catering Ltd Snappy Happy Catering Ltd may explore a supply chain management system and a human resource information system in order to improve operational efficiency and to meet their business objectives. In order to identify the suitable information systems for the company, the management team must organize several meetings aimed at selection of the systems. Typically, every round table discussions must have an agenda based on the steps provided and be attended by all department heads. There are three steps in the selection and management process. First step involves planning, identifying and justifying IS. Information systems are enablers of business processes, their planning must be aligned with the overall business plan of the organisation and the specific decisions or tasks they support. It must be justified through cost-benefit

Hotel Restaurant Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Hotel Restaurant Management - Research Paper Example Marketing is often a very important part of restaurant management in a hotel environment, as it must become possible to persuade customers of many different lifestyles and backgrounds to choose the in-house restaurant over other external competition. As a manager, it is more than merely ensuring that productivity is high and employee responsibilities are met properly, it is a complicated process that requires ongoing dedication toward building a positive image for the organization in the eyes of customers, employees, and those in higher levels of executive authority. This paper describes several of the different activities that hotel restaurant managers undertake in their roles of leadership, showing how the external environment is strongly linked to the internal environment in order to make every aspect of the restaurant superior to competing food organizations. In addition, the relationship between the manager as a human resources leader and a tangible, cost-focused manager are des cribed. A diverse global travel agency affiliated with AAA Travel, Insight Premium Escorted Vacations, offers, â€Å"great vacations are measured in moments, not miles† (IPEV, 2007, p.10). This statement essentially attempts to offer that regardless of the distance of origin for the travelling consumer, they will remember their experience by their direct contact with those in the hospitality industry and how they perceive quality in each interaction with hotel staff and other in-house representatives. Hotel restaurant managers are exposed to a large volume of different clients who each have different goals for satisfying their vacation or other travel needs. Many of these consumers come from international locations, with widely different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Some of these clients, depending on the cost and reputation of

High Budget Deficits and the Growth of the Economy in the Future Term Paper

High Budget Deficits and the Growth of the Economy in the Future - Term Paper Example High budget deficits are usually needed when the economy needs a boost or it may have been in a recession. In my opinion, this is a vital move as a recession can damage an economy if it lasts for several quarters. 2 Firstly due to the budget deficit, government spending will increase. Government spending is a component of aggregate demand. Aggregate demand is defined as the total demand for all goods and services within the economy.3 It consists of Consumer spending, investment, government spending and exports, and imports. Therefore when demand aggregate increases as shown in the diagram, the price rises from r0 to r1. Therefore in the short run, we will be internationally uncompetitive in regards to prices. Therefore other countries will benefit and take our buyers. In addition to this, we will become more dependent on other countries for certain goods and services.4 This is because when we become uncompetitive on a certain good or service, we will eventually stop making it. Conseq uently, we will worsen our current account by increasing our imports. Imports are defined as goods and services that are made outside the country while exports are sold outside our country from us. As a result, our economy will not grow to as much as it can as it will lose a large amount of its export market. However, the multiplier should be taken into consideration as it will affect the magnitude of the increase in aggregate demand. Overall this is known as demand-pull inflation. Increasing government spending may cause a budget deficit but it also has some benefits. For example, the government may choose to create jobs in certain areas. Therefore these people may no longer be relying on the government for money. This seems to reduce government spending in the form of benefits. As a result, that type of money can be put to better use such as children’s education or investments. Furthermore, jobs are created so people have more consumer spending. Consumer spending is defined as the amount of spending spent by each household. Consumer spending is the largest portion of aggregate demand. Also if taxes are lowered then people have more money to spend. When people spend money the shops make the profit. Profit can either be given to shareholders or it can be invested. Now in the short run prices will rise. However if firms invest carefully and on the right things, then prices can be reduced. Firms can spend money on new machinery or training programmes for workers.5 By doing this it will reduce their production costs and lowers the prices of goods and services. As a result, we will be more internationally competitive and will be able to export a lot more goods and services. As the diagram shows that investment shifts the aggregate supply curve to the right, cause the prices levels to fall from Pt to Po. In addition output increases. High Budget deficits entail the characteristics of the fiscal policy. High government spending and lowering taxes causes budge t deficits.

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost Essay Shelleys story of a creature created by Victor Frankenstein has striking similarities to Miltons Paradise Lost from the outset, as the second letter in the novel that documents Frankensteins misfortune, is sent from Archangel. Satan was an archangel before he was banished from heaven for challenging God, and we know that he was supposedly perfect. Frankenstein sought to make a human being in perfection, although both the creature and Satan fell from grace at the hand of their creators. The opening line of Paradise Lost underpins the correlation between the tales; Paradise Lost opens with the lines, Of Mans first disobedience, and the fruit, Of that forbidden tree, this is referring to Adam who took forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge and was therefore exiled by God. This story of Eden and mans downfall has obviously influenced Shelley as Frankensteins pursuit of nature to her hiding places is what led to the demise of himself and his family. Miltons Satan challenges God; Adam and Eve are tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit and this echoes in Shelleys novel and Miltons poem, as he tells us that heaven hides nothing from thy view. Yet both Satan and Frankenstein want more than nature has to offer, and the irony in the events leading up to the monsters creation are highlighted, by Shelleys use of dark and gothic descriptions of foraging in vaults and charnel-houses, and how the worm inherited the wonders of the eye and brain.. This dark depiction echoes the fate of Frankenstein, the monster and Miltons Satan, as they all endure an experience of Hell; Frankensteins personal hell was of of intense tortures such as no language can describe, and his endurance of a deep, dark, death like solitude, ironically echoes his creations feelings of loneliness and despair. The monster however, considered Satan as the fitter emblem of his condition and continued sufferings, but his hell was also a personal one, to be lived out on earth, and unfortunately alone. Satan, at least, had his host of rebel angels and had experience of a father and being loved, his demise was through choice, as was Frankensteins. It is Satan and the monster who initially invoke the readers compassion, as the monster seems of a benevolent nature as he watched the beloved De Lacy family and took pleasure in aiding their labours. He also shows altruistic behaviour in saving a drowning girl, and lighting a fire to warm his creator, making him possibly more sympathetic than Frankenstein, who forgot his family in his aspirations to become greater than his nature will allow. The monster states, after reading Paradise Lost and other literature he has found after eating the metaphorical apple, that sorrow only increased with knowledge, as he became aware from the De Laceys, of such things as love and acceptance that he came to long for. His good intent could also be interpreted on his hearing Saphie play music that he found so entrancingly beautiful that they at once drew tears of sorrow and of delight from my eyes. Satans ruin also came from his pursuit of knowledge, leading both men to their exile from the people they sought acceptance from. According to Stephen Boyd*, Shelleys husband believed that men are not inherently corrupt, and that they are perfectible, adding to the influence of Frankenstein being to blame for the monsters feelings of vengeance to all mankind, and Frankensteins own corruption when trying to discover the elixir of life. Shelley portrays the monster in child-like ways throughout the novel, as he learns empirically; it was a long time before I was able to distinguish between the operations of my various senses, and he burns himself with fire as a child with no awareness would. This allows the reader to feel some empathy towards this wretched creature, as we imagine an abandoned child, but also reinforces her exploration of human nature as potentially good. Frankenstein and the creature both state they were formed for peaceful happiness, like Miltons Adam, making them perfect antiheroes. It could be argued that the monsters rejection is what made him commit such heinous crimes against Frankensteins loved ones, as the rejection he continually faced made him wretched. We could see Shelley taking the stance that man made a monster, and man also made him monstrous. As the monster lives in a hut, we are reminded that he doesnt only live outside physically, but emotionally as he is a mere voyeur of family life while watching the De Lacys, and this social exclusion is to blame for his murderous behaviour, again relating to Satan who was excluded my his creator. We could again relate this to Satan who is looking for earth and is also racked with deep despair, as are Shelleys characters. Frankenstein also resembles God, as he created his own version of Adam, and the monster that he constantly refers to as fiend and devil reminds him; You, my creator, abhor me.. his plea resounds through the humanity of every reader who has ever felt alone or incomplete, but these feelings however are to be changed as the monster commits heinous crimes against the humanity he once longed for, and on his final rejection he cries; oh, earth the mildness of my nature had fled, and all within me was turned to bitterness and gall. This is when the role of God is transferred from Frankenstein and to the monster who will now decide his fate.

Iraqs War :: essays research papers

ANALYSIS After 12 years from the end of the Gulf War in 1991, the United States and Britain kept up a low-level conflict with Iraq and declared that their goal was to end the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, and insisted that Iraq be disarmed of mass destruction weapons. In early 2002, the Bush administration announced that it considered Iraq to be part of an â€Å"axis of evil.† Though United Nations arms inspections made increasing progress after their return in November and a large Security Council majority insisted that the inspections continue, United States invaded Iraq in alliance with Britain on March 20, 2003. The introduction to the United Nations Charter - the law shared by many nations in the world - states: "We the peoples of the United Nations, determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims." The first article of the Charter says that the purpose of the United Nations is to "maintain international peace and security" and to suppress "acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace". However, when the United States and its British allies declared their own war against Iraq in March 2003, and forcing invasion into another country like Iraq without United Nations mandate; United States and Britain were violating international legality, and going against what United Nations basic principles, and behaving as aggressors themselves (Lawle ss War 2003). International Law has been violated. United States and Britain, the two founders of United Nations Organization, acted in a manner which violates political values. Million of protestors around the world, including within the United States and Britain themselves, spoke against this war and expressed their feelings for its immorality. United States, being the most powerful country in the world, should be setting an example for others by acting according to proper ethics, to be patient with the process of law, and displaying utter respect for the opinion of majority such as members of United Nations; however, U.S.A. and U.K. took the opposite actions toward what is considered moral and just by the whole planet. The Geneva-based International Commission of Jurists, a consultative body within the UN, warned against attacking Iraq without a United Nations mandate, referring to an "outright illegal invasion of Iraq, which amounts to a war of aggression".

When Teen Abortion is Unsafe for Teen and Baby :: essays research papers

What would be your reaction if you had a teenager come home pregnant? Many teenagers fear their parents if they have to bring home a bad report card. Others may have a fear if they get into trouble at school. Although these fears are substantial, young women experience a fear that young men do not. Becoming pregnant is a serious fear for young women that engage in sexual intercourse. Often times a teen mother’s answer to this situation is abortion or an illegal abortion. Teen abortion can be somewhat difficult to get in many states without having parental consent or notification. These laws make it unsafe for the teen mother and unborn child. Teen abortion should be allowed without having to have parental consent. The mortality rate of teen mothers and babies would decrease significantly if this were the case. Sadly, each year in the United States the age of young girls who are sexually active decreases. At this rate there are many unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. â₠¬Å"One in three abortions in the U.S. are performed on teens† (Torr 91). That is a very high statistic that young women have created due to their adult decisions.† Teens are sometimes reluctant to practice birth control because it is not romantic† (Emmens 13). Teens tend to believe that they should not use birth control, because they do not think that they will get pregnant. The lack of birth control may result in pregnancy. Once a teenager gets pregnant she may not know what to do next. Teenagers usually become nervous and unsure of whether to tell someone or just keep the pregnancy a secret. When they keep the pregnancy a secret it puts them in danger as well as the unborn child. Planned Parenthood Federation of America is the nation's leading sexual and reproductive health care advocate and provider. â€Å"We believe that everyone has the right to choose when or whether to have a child, and that every child should be wanted and loved† (Suarez 2). Planned Parenthood allows a teenager to make safe decisions without including the teen’s parents. In many states where they have Planned Parenthood facilities the teenagers have more options. Teenagers that want birth control and/or an abortion can receive services, as well as information from a doctor. The doctors at this clinic encourage young women to tell their parents of their choice of abortion.

Marketing Pencil

INDEX †¢ Acknowledgement †¢ Executive Summary †¢ Introduction to the market †¢ Definition to the marketing plan †¢ Impact of Environmental factors †¢ Marketing Plan for pencils †¢ Category analysis †¢ Current market situation †¢ Customer analysis †¢ Marketing strategy †¢ Product development process †¢ Brand name, Brand equity, Brand image †¢ Segmentation and Targeting †¢ Profile of rural market in general †¢ Marketing Mix and Integrated Marketing Communication †¢ Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We extent our thanks to Mrs. Saima Hussain faculty guide who has given me moral support to do my project work.We also extend our thankfulness to our beloved parents and friends for their continuous encouragement at every moment It is our privilege to express our profound in deftness, deep sense of gratitude to our facility guide who had trusts in our ability in assigning us such an important and interesting project and also for allotting time for discussing and clarifying issues related to this project. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A marketing plan is a written document that contains the guidelines for the business centers and allocation over the planning period. This project is made on the basis for the marketing plan for the pencils.In our project our company is i. e. , of Torres are introducing their new pencils product. The names of the pencils are the ‘Shesham pencils’. If our company introduces new pencils and have to sell it in the market then we have to firstly write down a market plan for it. That means we have to analyze the current market situation i. e. ? We have to analyze the impact of the micro environment, macro environment. ? We have to analyze the needs of the consumers and then do segmentation, target and positioned the market. ? We have to do surveys for knowing the needs of the peoples.The more concise a marketing plan is the better it will serve you. These are the guideline s for writing a strategic marketing plan that meets the specific requirements of your business. We will take you through the development process step-by-step with easy to follow planning sheets to lead you through each stage. After that we have to choose different modes of communication for the sale, promotion of our product. The format includes a fully developed sample plan and is designed to meet the needs of most types of businesses although the emphasis on different aspects of the plan will vary from one business type to another.MARKET PLANNING FOR THE PENCILS (SHESHAM PENCILS) INTRODUCTION:Bangladesh is always said a country of villages and it is fact as Bangladesh 60% of population lives in villages, and it is said that rural market has been growing at five times the pace of the urban market more government rural development initiatives have been seen to increase rural markets. MARKET: Traditionally, a market was a physical place where buyers and sellers gather to buy and sell goods. Economist describes a market as a collection of buyers and sellers who transact over a particular Product or product class.Manufactures go to resources, marketer buy resources and turn them into good and services. MARKET PLANNING: It is well and good to include marketing in your business and a lot a few hours a day to do marketing tasks. But if we do not organize our market plan our efforts won/t get nearly as far as putting . Marketing plan in writing gives you a guideline to work from and it provides goal to strive for and it organize all those creative ideas you have floating around your brain. Firms that is successful in marketing businesses starts with marketing plan.Marketing plan cannot be made without involving many people into it. No matter what kind of feedback you get from all parts of your company. This is as important because it take all aspects of your company to make your marketing plan. Your key people can provide realistic impact on what’s achievable and how achievable and how your goals can be worked out. From all the things we can concluded that market plan is very necessary for the successful running of any business operation and to achieve various goals of the business operations in a right manner and in right ways.DEFINITION OF MARKETING PLAN: ‘A marketing plan is a written document containing the guidelines for the business centers marketing programs and allocation over the planning period’ THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: There are two keys perspectives on the marketing environment. , namely the micro environment and macro environment: MICRO ENVIRONMENT: This environment influences the organization directly . It includes suppliers that deal directly and indirectly with consumers and customers and other local stake holders. Micro environment tends to suggest the small but this can be misleading.In context, micro describes the relationship between firms consumers and customers directly or indirectly, and ot her local stakeholders. This includes all factors that can influence an organization, but that are out of their direct control. A company does not generally influence any laws (although it is accepted that they could lobby or be part of a trade organization). It is continuously changing, and the company needs to be flexible to adapt. There may be aggressive competition and rivalry in a market. Globalization means that there is always the threat of substitute products and new entrants. The wider nvironment is also changing, and the marketer needs to compensate for changes in culture, politics, economics and technology. All factors that are internal to the organization are known as the ‘internal environment'. They are generally audited by applying the ‘Five Ms' which are Men, Money, Machinery, Materials and Markets. The internal environment is as important for managing change in the external environment. As marketers we call the process of managing internal change is calle d internal marketing. MACRO ENVIRONMENT: Macro environment includes all the external factors that affect our product .The macro environment includes the factors like technology, political, geographical, and ecological and socio cultural factors that have an impact on the manufacturing of the product. In the manufacturing of pencils we have to keep in the mind that the sociological environment, the society has been changed and due to this the needs, demands of the customers are also changed. Different kinds of pencils are made according to the need and standards of the peoples. Now a high class person wants pencils which are of high quality and provides better services. The middle class peoples want a pencil that are of low price and is not very expensive.So manufacturer produces the pencils in keeping all these things in mind. The pencils are produced with accordance of the new technology. MARKET PLAN FOR PENCILS: If our company introduces new pencils and have to sell it in the mark et then we have to firstly write down a market plan for it. That means we have to analyze the current market situation i. e. ? We have to analyze the impact of the micro environment, macro environment. ? We have to analyze the needs of the consumers and then do segmentation, target and positioned the market. ? We have to do surveys for knowing the needs of the peoples.The more concise a marketing plan is the better it will serve you. These are the guidelines for writing a strategic marketing plan that meets the specific requirements of your business. We will take you through the development process step-by-step with easy to follow planning sheets to lead you through each stage. After that we have to choose different modes of communication for the sale, promotion of our product. The format includes a fully developed sample plan and is designed to meet the needs of most types of businesses although the emphasis on different aspects of the plan will vary from one business type to anoth er.PROCESS OF MARKET PLAN CATEGORY ANALYSIS: The product of our company is the pencils. Our company is introducing a new product of Torres pencils with new unique features, and size. Our company is providing better and unique features to our customers. The competitors of our company are the other pencils stores like, GOLDFISH pencils, and DOLLAR pencils. MARKET SURVEY/ CURRENT MARKET SITUATIONS: Market survey is the first step in the market planning . Our Company conducted the market survey for knowing ? The need in the current market situation. To analyze what are the different kinds or types of pencils which are present in the current time in the market. ? The different kinds of features of the pencils, their prices. NEEDS, WANTS AND DEMANDS OF THE CUSTOMERS: The market plan will be started before the manufacturing of the particular product. If we have to make any kind of pencils products, we have to analyze the needs, demands and wants of the customers. Needs are the basic human requirements. Needs are then converted into wants. Demands are the wants for specific products backed by the ability to pay.We start our market plan by analyzing that whether there is a need; want among the customers for the pencils we decide to manufacture and for that we conduct survey, market research for knowing the needs of the customers. For that we have to visit the schools, and may know the needs of the children by Putting them questions and having their suggestions that what kind of pencils they want for writing ,and knowing from them that what are the difficulties they get from their previous pencils while writing. We need to have different types of people which are using pencils to know their needs.After collecting all the information we have to get a result for knowing the needs, wants, and demands of the customers and get ready for making pencils according to the needs wants and demands of the customers. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: The analysis of the competitor is very import ant aspect because through it we come to know that that our competitor is. The main competitors of our pencils are the other pencils company like GOLDFISH pencils and DOLLAR pencils which are having good position in the market. Our company has to include all those factors in our pencils by which our product look unique and different.Determining the â€Å"Marketing Mix† Product Price Promotion Distribution Goldfish Rs 5 High High Dollar Rs 4 Average Average CUSTOMERS ANANLYSIS: Our Company is targeting different types of customers according to their needs and wants. We are targeting the students of school, colleges. E. G—–Children’s like pencils having shapes of toys and other attracting things.The persons who have to work in the offices like simple pencils . Other professionals like different kinds of pencils so pencils are made according to the needs and wants of these different consumers. ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of our company are a s follows: ? To provide better services to our customers. ? To provide quality pencils to our target customers at the reasonable prices. ? To build a good image in the minds of our customers. ? To increase sales of our product. ? To generate revenues and profits by the sale of our pencils.MARKETING STRATEGIES: For the introduction of new product in the market we have to develop a preliminary strategy plan for introducing our new pencils in the market. The plan consists of three parts. 1. First part describes target market’s size, structure, and behavior of the planned product positioning and sales, market share, and profits and the goals sought in the few years by our product. Therefore the target market for our pencil is mainly the children’s of schools and colleges. We will analyze the benefit which comes out by the sale of the pencils. 2. The second part outlines the planned price, distribution strategy, and marketing budget for the first years. This part describes that what are the features or special points of the pencils which we have to made . In it we determine the prices of our different kinds of pencils. Like we determine that the cost of our pencil is Rs 2 each but if the customers buy the box there cost will be of Rs 8. 00 with a sharpener and eraser free. In it we also determine the different kinds of expenses which are to done for the introduction of our pencils in the market.Like the expenses done on the sale, promotion, advertisement of pencils in print media. That what are the profits which come to us by the sale of the pencils. As we see that during the first year a substantial amount will be spent on marketing research by audits and consumers panel data to monitor market reaction and buying rates. The entire budget is made in keeping eye on all these things. 3. The third part of the market strategy plan describes the long run sales and profits goals and market mix strategy over time. As we see that our products would be selling at a very good rate and giving us lots of profits.So we can invest more and more money in it and tries to improve the quality of our pencils by adding new features in it . We will make the product mix and decided to make new kinds of pencils with new innovations and additional features. Market strategy plan is very essential in the business for the proper allocation of revenues, expenditure from the product. It determines all the expenditure done for the sale of our pencils in the market. It also describes that to which segment of the customers we have to sell our pencils and at what price. MANAGING THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:Up to now the product has existed in only as a word description. The next step involves the jump in the investment that dwarfs the cost incurred in the earlier stages. At this stage the company will determine whether the product idea can be translated into a technically and commercially feasible product. In this step we have to make our ideas, plans about the pen cils in truth. In other word we make our pencils according to needs and demands of the customers. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: The development of the pencils starts at this step. The jobs of translating target customers requirement are helpful in making of our pencils.We analyze all the collected data from different kinds of customers and make our pencils according to their needs. E. g. The customers have said that they faces a lots of problems during writing because their pencils do not work properly, the points of the pencils get damaged during their writing time due to which they faces a lots of problems. From this we get an idea to use that kind of lead in our pencils which is of high quality and would not get damaged while writing. We adopt the quality function method for manufacturing of our pencils. We develop a pencils according to view taken by the peoples during market research.PRODUCT MIX: In product mix we include that what are the additional benefits that we are providing to ou r customer along with our original products i. e. , in it we can provide some additional services to our customers along with our pencils. We can give customer free sharpener and eraser with the one box of pencils. Along with one pencils peoples gets a free attached eraser. By adding these additional things in our pencils the customers get happy, and it will definitely results in the increase of the customers loyalty towards our product. It will also be helpful in retaining the attention of the customers towards our product.PRODUCT STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS: Product strengths and weakness describes the strengths of our pencils that what makes our pencils different from other pencils and what is our weaknesses when compared with others. STRENGTHS OF OUR PRODUCT; We should add what kind of features in our pencils that should act as strength of our pencils. We raise the length of our pencils, and provides different shapes of pencils which distinct our pencils different from others pencils . The offer of giving a free sharpener and an eraser is also helpful in attracting the consumers towards our product.As more and more customer are getting our pencils , these all results in increasing sale of the product and increasing revenues of the company. WEAKNESS OF OUR PRODUCT Our company should also analyze the weakness of our product: The main weakness may comes during the sale of the pencils that when we offer a free eraser and sharpener with our pencils whether the company may faces a lot of expenditure. These activities involve the wastage of money by the company. The pencils of other companies like GOLDFISH Pencils and DOLLAR Pencils are the main competitors of our company.Our company has to add the extra features in our product so that our product gets a different position as compared to our competitor’s product. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT- In the product life cycle management we can describes the product and determines for how muc h time we should sale our product in the market, whether for a long time or for short period of time. A company positioning and differentiation strategy must change as the product, market, and competitors change over the product life cycle.To say that the products have a life cycle it asserts four things: 1. Product has a limited life. 2. Product sale pass through distinct stages and each positioning asserts different challenges, opportunities and problems to the seller. 3. Profits raises and fall at different stages of the product life cycle. 4. Product required different marketing, financial, manufacturing, purchasing and human resource strategies in each life cycle stages. Product life cycle of the pencils depends upon the needs of our customers that for how much time our product should remain in the market.If our pencils do not satisfy the needs of the customers it may comes in the decline stage that results in the extinction of our pencils in the market. Because the customers a re not satisfied by our products their demand gets changed due to which our pencils comes in the decline stage. INTRODUCTION: At the introduction period there is the slow sale growth of the pencils. At this stage the profits are nonexistent because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. In this phase the customers are not much aware about our pencils.Large amount of advertisement expense, discounts are given by our company to create awareness of the customers towards our pencils. GROWTH: Rapid market acceptance and substantial profits improvements at growth the product is selling at a high rate. MATURITY: A slowdown in the sale growths shows the maturity period. As the sale of our pencils are not undergoing up to the mark. The customers are now not satisfied by our pencils, the pencils do not function according to their needs, which results in the slowdown in the sale of our pencils. The sale declines with the arrival of competitors in the market.It may seen that if the new company may introduce a new pencils with new and better features it will results in the decline in the sale of the pencils of our product. DECLINE: Decline shows the downward drift and profits erode. At this point the profit from the existing product comes to zero. This stage comes due to the arrival of new competitors in the market and when the customer satisfactions from our pencils are not up to the mark. This stage may come when our pencil do not gives full satisfaction to the consumers. Decline may also comes when the taste and preferences of the consumers gets change.If the decline stage may come in the existing product life it is good for our company to develop a new product according to the needs of the peoples and providing better services to the customers. BRAND NAME, BRAND EQUITY AND BRAND IMAGE: Brand is the name ,term, sign, symbol or design or the combination that tends to the goods and services of one seller or group of seller and to differentiate them from others tho se of competitors. A brand is the thus product or service that add dimensions that differentiate it in some way from others products or services designed to satisfy the same needs.These differences may be functional, rational, or tangible related to product performance of the brand. We give our pencils as the name’ ‘SHESHAM PENCILS’ it’s a new product of Torres pencil company. Branding may helps the consumers to identify our product . The consumers starts finding about the brand satisfy their needs and which ones do not. The brand name can be protected through registered trademarks, and packing can be protected through copyrights and designs. SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is one of the steps that go into defining and targeting specific markets.It is the process of dividing a market into a distinct group of buyers that require different products or marketing mixes. A key factor to success in today's market place is findi ng subtle differences to give a business the marketing edge. Businesses that target specialty markets will promote its products and services more effectively than a business aiming at the â€Å"average† customer. Opportunities in marketing increase when segmented groups of clients and customers with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted using a variety of factor. The bases for segmenting consumer markets include: Demographical bases (age, family size, life cycle, occupation) †¢ Geographical bases (states, regions, countries) †¢ Behavior bases (product knowledge, usage, attitudes, responses) †¢ Psychographic bases (lifestyle, values, personality) A business must analyze the needs and wants of different market segments before determining their own niche. To be effective in market segmentation keeps the following things in mind: †¢ Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business †¢ Each segmented gro up must be large enough to provide a solid customer base. Each segmented group requires a separate marketing plan. Large companies segment their markets by conducting extensive market research projects. This research is often too expensive for small businesses to invest in, but there are alternative ways for to a small business to segment their markets. A small business can do the following to gain knowledge and information on how to segment their markets: 1. Use secondary date resources and qualitative research. You can use the following resources for external secondary data: o Trade and association publications and experts o Basic research publications External measurement services 1. Conduct informal factor and cluster analysis by: o Watching key competitors marketing efforts and copying them. o Talking to key trade buyers about new product introductions o Conducting needs analysis from qualitative research with individuals and groups. There are many reasons for dividing marketin g into smaller segments. Any time you suspect there are significant, measurable differences in your market you should consider market segmentation. By doing this you will make marketing easier, discover niche markets, and become more efficient with your marketing resources.TARGETING: By doing the segmentation we target the consumers where we have to sell our pencils. The main target are the school children’s and college student and there teachers and professors. In it we have to remain aware of our competitors in order to take competitive advantage and we should be also aware about the consumers who would be buying our product. Why our Company go to rural market? The cost of going global is very high, and it is difficult to gauge markets in other countries. It is better to target the rural market as it is growing by the day.Today rural markets are as critical as urban markets. The rural markets provide better opportunities. In village vast competition exists. Different compan ies come with different flavors. So people have ample choice. With only around 100000 of the 638667 villages tapped so far there are huge potential and market areas. So we get high percentage of total market though profit margin is less. Now a day’s villager also spends on luxury & comfort products. After all Dettol is a one type of necessity product. As it plays a role of anti-septic medicine.Media also plays an important role in promotion of goods. The growing reach of the electronic media has created a huge change in the lifestyle of rural consumer. Profile of rural market in general:- The rural market of Pakistan is large and scattered, in the sense that it consist of over 63 core consumers from 6, 38,365 villages spread throughout the country. Nearly 60% of the rural income is from agriculture. Hence rural prosperity is tied with agricultural prosperity. During the harvest season, the demand for consumer goods in village goes up.The population securing income from non-ag ricultural sector is now increasing due to rural development programs. The consumers in the village areas do have a low standard of living because of low literacy, low per capita income, social backwardness, low savings, etc. The rural consumer values old customs and traditions. A change is beginning to take place in their outlook because of growth in literacy rate and mass media in the rural areas. Rural consumers have diverse socio-economic background. This is different in different parts of the country. This brings diversity among rural customers and market.The demand pattern of the rural consumers is fast changing. There is new and growing demand for toiletries, ready-made garments, cosmetics, packaged foodstuffs, etc. this change is due to increase in rural income. The infrastructural facilities like roads, warehouses, communication system, and financial facilities are inadequate in rural areas. Hence physical distribution becomes costly due to inadequate infrastructural facili ties. The saving habit of the rural community is increasing in the recent years as a result of the efforts put by co-operative and commercial banksMarketing Mix: PRODUCT: A business needs to consider the products that it produces and the stage of the product life cycle that a product is at. Marketing strategies will vary according to the type of product and its stage in the life cycle. 1. Pencils are very convenient to use and will be easy for customers also to use this product. 2. By providing good quality of Pencils, students will be attracted towards writing and will also be encouraged. 3. Pencils are available in different colors, so a person has choices to select various types in one particular product. . Pencils are available in different prices, so people can buy it as per their affordability. [pic] PLACE: This generally refers to the physical locations of product sales as well as the methods of distribution. However, it is also considered to be the â€Å"place† or â⠂¬Å"position† in the market of the product; refer to information below. Businesses need to make many decisions related to â€Å"place†: access, parking, competition, physical location etc. It’s the most important P in the pencil wars — Place. And nothing evokes more passion in distribution.We have chosen the different zones especially south schools and colleges and west zones as keen interest is shown by nearby villages of it. We had chosen these places due to following reasons: In these areas literacy rate is better than other areas. â€Å"So WHERE THERE IS WILL, THERE IS A WAY†. As people living in this area have mostly standard income so they can purchase our product â€Å"pencils† as they are cheaply and in a better way available. There is a lot of scope of expansion as these areas are surrounded by various other villages so great scope of expansion is there.PRICE: Most businesses use a â€Å"cost plus† method for setting the price s of their products. This involves determining unit production costs and then adding in a profit margin. However, many other factors are involved. Consider â€Å"perceived price† (what you think consumers will be prepared to pay), demand elasticity (is it elastic or inelastic? ), competitors' pricing (can you afford to undercut their prices? ), pricing objectives (what do you want to achieve increased market share? increased profits? market leadership? etc. ) Example:Price is the only factor which decides the presence of the product in the rural market. As people are having standard purchasing power, low income or high group of income persons etc. can afford Shesham pencils as they are available cheaply and in a better way. Hence keeping all the dynamic factors we have decided to go for penetration pricing for our product. We have decided to go with the application of penetration pricing as the people in the rural area are having low income, low purchasing power and we are ne wly entering the market. The pricing will be in way: Small pencils: 1 pencil = RS. . /- 10 pencils of pencils box = RS. 9/- Large pencils: 1 pencils = RS. 4/- 10 pencils of pencils box= RS. 16/- PROMOTION: Promotion is said to be the vital for all companies until now the promotional tools have been acted as the targeting tool used to attract huge demand for rural people and also huge demand for company’s product. The promotional strategies are as follows:- A new innovative broad aspect followed by me to attract huge attraction towards my product will be the use of tree borders. e will make use of tree borders as in rural areas mostly there are villages surrounded by huge and number of trees, so the hoardings at tree border will definitely attract huge demand. We will be putting hoardings on retail shops so that whenever the customer comes over the shop they should easily come to know about the arrival of new Pencils i. e. â€Å"name of the pencils† in the market. We w ill also promote my product through wall paintings. As wall paintings lasts for longer time and through this maximum customer can be attracted.There are some other strategies also like, The role of the influencer or influencing communication cannot be ignored as far as rural Pakistan is concerned. The advertisements that revolve around this very strategy actually depend on the influence of different influential people and/or events in the villages to put across the message powerfully with more effect and purchase intention. An example of this kind of advertisement may be brand endorsement by any influential person in the village like the ‘Intellectual Chaudary’ or the ‘school master’. Events like different festivals and different games and sports competitions actually have a high participation level in the rural Pakistan, as other sources of entertainment are very less in those areas. So, these events and shows offer great opportunity to reach rural Pakist an cost effectively. Different brands sponsor different events and shows in rural villages, which is actually a cost-effective way to advertise with the participatory strategy. Many brands are venturing into different ways to educate their rural consumers about their brands and their usage through different shows and events.This kind of initiatives actually creates huge awareness about the brand among the interested people in the rural Pakistan. Different health related advertisements like Polio awareness and AIDS awareness programmes involve a ‘show-n-tell’ strategy of advertising. It includes Press and print, TV, Cinema, Radio, and Point of purchase and Outdoor advertisement. Reach of formal media is low in rural households (Print: 18%, TV: 27%, Cinema: 30%, and Radio: 37%) and therefore the marketer has to consider the following points: English newspapers and magazines have negligible circulation in rural areas.However local language newspapers and magazines are bec oming popular among educated facilities in rural areas. It has made a great impact and large audience has been exposed to this medium. Organizations have been using TV to communicate with the rural masses. Lifebuoy, Lux, Dalda oil etc. are some of the products advertised via television. Many consumer goods companies and fertilizer companies are using these TV channels to reach the rural customer. Radio reaches large population in rural areas at a relatively low cost. Example: Colgate, Brite total, Shan Masala industries are some of the companies using radio communication programme.The farmers have a habit of listening to regional news/agricultural news in the morning and the late evening. The advertisement has to be released during this time to get maximum coverage in rural areas. Another advantage is that the radio commercial can be prepared at short notice to meet the changing needs of the rural folk. Example: Release of a pesticide ad at the time of outbreak of a pest or diseas e in crops. [pic] This form of media, which includes signboards, wall painting, hoarding, tree boards, bus boards, dealer boards, product display boards etc. , is cost effective in rural areas.Symbols, pictures and colors should be used in POPs meant for rural markets so that they can easily identify the products. Generally rural people prefer bright colors and the marketer should utilize such cues. Display of hangings, festoons and product packs in the shops will catch the attention of prospective buyers. However a clutter of such POP materials of competing companies will not have the desired effect and is to be avoided. It is a way of passing on information relating to goods or services for sale, directly to potential customers through the medium of post. It is a medium employed by the advertiser to bring in a personal touch.In cities lot of junk mail is received by all of us and very often such mails are thrown into the dustbin whereas a villager get very few letters and he is re ceptive to such mailers. It is an effective and economical medium for communication in rural areas, since it stays there for a long time depending upon the weather conditions. The cost of painting one square foot area is just Rs. 10. Retailers welcome painting of their shops so that the shop will look better. Walls of farm houses, shops and schools are ideal places for painting and the company need not have to pay any rent for the same.The walls have to be painted at least one or two feet from ground level. It is better to take permission of the owner. Very often the owner takes responsibility for taking care of the wall painting. Paintings are to be avoided during election time and rainy season. The matter should be in the form of pictures, slogans for catching the attention of people. Companies marketing TV, fans, branded coffee/tea, toothpaste, pesticides, fertilizers etc. use wall painting as promotion medium in rural areas. These are painted boards of about two square feet in d imension having the picture or name or slogan of the product painted on it.The cost of such a painted board is about Rs. 80. These boards are fixed to the trees on both sides of the village road at a height of about 10 feet from ground level. These boards attract the attention of slow moving vehicles like cycles, bullock carts and tractors and people walking on the road. The condition of roads, even the buses move at slow speed through village road. Fertilizer and pesticide companies in rural areas extensively use tree boards. These are low priced promotion items and can be used by consumer goods companies too. [pic]These media with effective reach and personalized communication will help in realizing the promotional objectives. Companies to suit the specific requirements of rural communication are using a variety of such media effectively and some of the more important media and methods are given below. Rural people prefer face-to-face communication and farm visits facilitate two-w ay communication. The advantage is that the sales person can understand the needs and wants of the rural customer by directly discussing with him and answer his queries on products and services. Potential customers in the illage are identified and the company’s/distributor’s representative makes farm-to-farm visits and highlight the benefits of the products. The person carries with him literature in local language and also samples of products. The person does not sell the product but only promotes the use of the product. Very often the local dealer also joins the representative in making farm-to-farm visits. The dealer clarifies the terms and conditions of sale and also makes independent follow up visits for securing orders. [pic] Group meetings of rural customers as well as prospects are an important part of interpersonal media.The company is able to pass on the message regarding benefits of the products to a large number of customers through such meetings. Group meet ing of key customers are conducted by banks, agricultural inputs and machinery companies in rural areas. The bankers visit an identified village, get the village people in a common place and explain the various schemes to the villagers. Such meetings could be organized in prosperous villages for promoting consumer durables and two wheelers also. Example: Millat Tractors conduct a meeting for tractor owners and they meet in villages to discuss repairs and maintenance of tractors. [pic]Package is an integral part of the product. Its main purpose is to protect the product during transit, to preserve the quality and to avoid any loss in quality and quantity. The main purpose of this contest is to remind the customer to buy the product as soon as he enters the shop. Another objective is to influence the dealer to stock the product and support the company in increasing the sales. The display contest has to be announced well in advance and promotional materials to be distributed to all the selected dealers in a geographical area. Prizes for best displays are announced to motivate the dealers; the contest lasts for about a month.A well-planned product display contest not only increases the involvement of dealers in the company’s products but also increases the sales during the contest period. This is used for promoting consumer goods such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste Each rural market segment has certain special features i. e. they share common life-style traits. They include village sports, religious events, prominent personalities and role models. Examples: Textile mills maintaining community gardens, Mineral water companies supplying clean drinking water during summer festivals in villages and Consumer goods companies sponsoring Kabaddi. pic] PACKAGING: The Silent sales man: What does a sales man do when you go to a shop or he comes to your house, he first s how’s you the product then starts to tell you the features of the product like its brand name, method of production, ingredients (if it is eatable), price etc. In short he tries to persuade you to buy his product, this same activity is performed by packets of any product but without any use of language this is called silent salesman ship Thus we say that â€Å"packaging – A silent salesman† pic] Packaging is done for the three reasons: – 1) To protect the product 2) To make the product easy to carry 3) To make the product attractive. Pencils do not require heavy packaging but still we have come up with the two packaging strategies for our pencils: – 1) To have a packet of 3 pencils sets 2) To have a packet of 10 pencils sets. The rural Bangladesh is not much developed; hence their purchasing power is also not high. Hence, for their convenience we have come up with these packaging strategies.This was also done to reduce the cost of the product so as to supply the product at cheap rates and also for a profitable deal for our company. FEATURES O F PENCIL The pencil is used for writing and if the writing is not dark i. e. it is light then the reader will not be able to understand the written matter. Hence we have invented the pencil which would be darker than any other pencil. The goods which are cheaply available with no compromise in quality then those goods or products are liked by every consumer. This is the reason why we are coming up with a pencil which would be cheaper.The body of the pencil would be covered with velvet piece or a rubber piece to make the pencil body of either velvet or rubber. This is the extra feature added because this would help the writer to have a firm hold over the pencil and to write faster. The body and its shape also add to the beauty of the product. Hence it is said that in the business world what ever is seen is taken. So the shape or the body of the pencil would be squared shaped which is not at all seen in the market till the date. The pencil is seemed to be incomplete without the rubb er.The writer might commit a mistake while writing and hence to correct the same rubber is provided at the end point of the pencil so that there is not an extra expenditure on the purchase of the rubbers. This pencil would be extra long then any other pencil and also at the minimum cost. So with that the buyer would be able to enjoy the good writer pencil for a longer period of time. This pencil would be available at each and every store of the rural market so that there are no extra efforts taken by the customer to come at a long distance for the purchase of this unique pencil.The pencil is a kind of a product which is mostly used by children and the children enjoy watching cartoons or such characters which seems to be funny. So then the children are going to get their favorite cartoon characters on this lovely pencil which is effectively made for kids but it is not that only kids could enjoy the writing with this pencil but it is for everyone to enjoy the writing with this penci l. The pencil has come up with new innovative feature of fragrance. This means that kids will enjoy good hand writing with sweet fragrance.This is an added advantage to our product as this idea is not applied to any of the pencil to the date. [pic] Conclusion: Thus looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the millions rural consumers spread over approximately thousands of villages in rural Bangladesh.Eurosif European Social Investment Hamida Kawser Student of UIU Second samaster BBA Departmeny Road Number 27 Dhanmondi Dhaka 30. 03. 2013 Respected Sir. I am submitting you my report on automobile companies and associated risk and opportunities the se pose for long-term return. Perpose behind preparing automobile report is to have an idea about how automobile companies grew through decades. So that we can use this quality information in Bangladesh industry and even in our personnal business field. ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic]